Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production(LSGP) is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury(Hg) emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile(gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg) for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources(e.g., cement plants). Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.     

Effects of Na+ on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction

Copper-exchanged chabazite (Cu/CHA) catalysts have been found to be affected by alkali metal and alkaline earth ions. However, the effects of Na⁺ ions on Cu/SAPO-34 for ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) are still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism, five samples with various Na contents were synthesized and characterized. It was observed that the introduced Na⁺ ion-exchanges with H⁺ and Cu^2 + of Cu/SAPO-34. The exchange of H⁺ is easier than that of isolated Cu^2 +. The exchanged Cu^2 + ions aggregate and form “CuAl₂O₄-like” species. The NH₃-SCR activity of Cu/SAPO-34 decreases with increasing Na content, and the loss of isolated Cu^2 + and acid sites is responsible for the activity loss.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

东海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源解析

本研究对东海沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)组成及含量进行了分析,发现多环芳烃总浓度为8.2~180.2 ng/g,和国内外其它区域相比,整体处于一个低至中等程度的污染水平。东海沉积物中PAHs的分布整体表现为中间低、两端高的格局。内陆架是长江入海物质的主要沉积区,也是PAHs的主要汇集区;陆架北部区域的物质来源复杂,但总体受长江入海泥沙的控制,自西向东PAHs含量梯度递减;研究区域的东北部,较高的PAHs可能源于济州岛的输入;冲绳海槽也含有较高PAHs;而残留沉积区中PAHs含量极低。通过多环芳烃组成特征判断,东海表层沉积物中PAHs主要来自煤、木材、油类的燃烧,还有部分来自油类的泄漏。同时不同区域Ba P/Be P、Ba A/Chry比值的差别表明内陆架及冲绳海槽的PAHs主要来自河流输送,残留沉积区的PAHs可能主要来自大气沉降。     

聚丙烯酰胺降解菌株的分离及其油田含聚污水生物强化处理研究

应用厌氧Hungate技术,从大庆油田分离到一株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌株,菌株与Clostridium bifermentans(AY781385)相似性为99%,命名为Clostridium bifermentans H5。菌株能以聚丙烯酰胺为唯一碳源,静态试验表明,在附加乳酸钠和硫酸钠的条件下,聚合物去除率为52.5%;首次采用纯菌培养的厌氧污泥作为底物,水解酸化试验表明,乳酸钠作为碳源要好于砂糖,聚合物去除率为50.89%左右,砂糖为碳源聚合物去除率为43.55%左右;初步试验表明,应用高效降解菌株和水解酸化工艺处理含聚污水具有可行性。     

同槽双极锰电积生产工艺的现状及进展研究

为解决传统锰和二氧化锰制备过程中单独电解的高能耗、高污染问题,目前国内外在同槽电解制备金属锰和微粒二氧化锰方面已有一定的探索和研究。总结介绍了锰和二氧化锰的研究进展,电解液的制备方法、电极的制备研究以及最新同槽电解工艺的研究动态和发展,并在此基础上展望了电解制备锰和二氧化锰工业的发展趋势,致力于开发一种同槽双极锰电积清洁节能工艺,在同槽电解降低能耗的基础上发展清洁工艺,回收生产过程中产生的废酸,对环境保护、水体治理以及可持续发展具有重大意义。     

天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染时空分布及影响因素研究

为了降低天津市滨海新区中PM_(2.5)的污染,需要对天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布和影响因素进行研究。研究天津市滨海新区近年来PM_(2.5)的时空分布特征,并选取PM_(2.5)的相关指标,对天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染影响因素进行分析。结果表明,在天津市滨海新区的冬季时,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度值最高,在滨海新区的夏季时,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度值最低。PM_(2.5)在天津市滨海新区昼间大气中的质量浓度低于夜间大气中的质量浓度。     

环境污染防治在建筑工程管理施工中的作用分析与研究

建筑活动是破坏环境资源、污染环境的主要活动之一,如何有效达到施工环境污染防治的目标已经逐渐成为社会关注的焦点话题。为有效防治施工环境污染,文中首先对典型施工环境污染的主要来源进行分析,然后提出施工环境污染防治目标的动态控制流程,并从设置动态控制目标、重视主动控制、多方面釆取有效措施方面对目标的动态控制进行分析。通过对施工环境目标的动态控制分析,使动态控制原理在项目环境管理领域有效运用,降低了建筑施工对环境的污染。     

石化特种设备管理现状及风险控制对策

为加强特种设备管理,提高风险控制水平,对中国特种设备的管理法规标准体系、中国石化特种设备管理现状及存在的问题,进行了讨论和思考,并提出了石化特种设备风险控制对策。