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21.
TiO2 nanomaterial is promising with its high potential and outstanding performance in photocatalytic environmental applications, such as CO2 conversion, water treatment, and air quality control. For many of these applications, the particle size, crystal structure and phase, porosity, and surface area influence the activity of TiO2 dramatically. TiO2 nanomaterials with special structures and morphologies, such as nanospheres, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoflowers are thus synthesized due to their desired characteristics. With an emphasis on the different morphologies of TiO2 and the influence factors in the synthesis, this review summarizes fourteen TiO2 preparation methods, such as the sol-gel method, solvothermal method, and reverse micelle method. The TiO2 formation mechanisms, the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods, and the photocatalytic environmental application examples are proposed as well. 相似文献
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David Bolzonella Francesco Fatone Silvia di Fabio Franco Cecchi 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(12):2424-2431
The Mediterranean Region is a semi-arid area whose land is facing serious erosion, causing adverse impacts on agriculture. To improve the water availability, researchers have proposed the reclamation and reuse of treated wastewater. In this paper, we report the main findings of 10 years of research on the efficiencies of a conventional activated sludge process and a submerged membrane bioreactor, with particular emphasis on the removal of non-conventional pollutants. The studies showed that the membrane bioreactor produced a virtually solids-free, high-quality permeate: most nutrients, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants were removed, and in particular, dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls were typically present at concentrations below the detection limit. Moreover, the total coliforms count decreased by 4–5 log and Escherichia coli was absent from the membrane bioreactor permeate. These results, combined with the continuing reduction of the capital and operating costs for this approach, suggest that membrane bioreactors are an increasingly cost-effective technology to produce treated effluents that are suitable for reuse. 相似文献
25.
Stefano Goffredo Erik Caroselli Guido Mattioli Francesco Zaccanti 《Marine Biology》2010,157(12):2603-2612
In corals where complex life history processes decoupling age from size (e.g., fragmentation, fusion, partial colony mortality)
are rare or clearly detectable, individual age may be determined from size, and age-based growth and population dynamic models
may be applied. One example is the solitary Mediterranean coral Leptopsammia pruvoti Lacaze-Duthiers 1897, whose population size and structure, and growth rates were determined at Calafuria (43°28′N and 10°20′E),
Ligurian Sea, from December 2007 to June 2009. Growth rate decreased with increasing size. The growth curve derived from field
measurements confirmed the one obtained by growth band analysis. The frequency of individuals decreased exponentially with
age, indicating a steady state population. Turnover time was 2.3 years. Maximum life span was 13 years. Most reproductive
output was from intermediate age classes (6 years), while older individuals (>7 years), although having higher fecundity,
were rare and accounted for a minority of population reproductive output. In comparison with other solitary dendrophylliids,
L. pruvoti life strategy was characterized by a reproduction with r-strategy correlates (high fecundity, short embryo incubation, small planula size, fast achievement of sexual maturity), and
a rate of demographic renewal occurring halfway along the r–K continuum (intermediate turnover time and maximum longevity). 相似文献
26.
Ching-Ho Lin Chin-Hsing Lai Yee-Lin Wu Ming-Jen Chen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(35):4364-4371
Determining the destructions of both ozone and odd oxygen, Ox, in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) is important to evaluate the regional ozone budget and overnight ozone accumulation. This work develops a simple method to determine the dry deposition velocity of ozone and its destruction at a polluted nocturnal boundary layer. The destruction of Ox can also be determined simultaneously. The method is based on O3 and NO2 profiles and their surface measurements. Linkages between the dry deposition velocities of O3 and NO2 and between the dry deposition loss of Ox and its chemical loss are constructed and used. Field measurements are made at an agricultural site to demonstrate the application of the model. The model estimated nocturnal O3 dry deposition velocities from 0.13 to 0.19 cm s?1, very close to those previously obtained for similar land types. Additionally, dry deposition and chemical reactions account for 60 and 40% of the overall nocturnal ozone loss, respectively; ozone dry deposition accounts for 50% of the overall nocturnal loss of Ox, dry deposition of NO2 accounts for another 20%, and chemical reactions account for the remaining 30%. The proposed method enables the use of measurements made in typical ozone field studies to evaluate various nocturnal destructions of O3 and Ox in a polluted environment. 相似文献
27.
Emmet M. Owens Steven W. Effler Francesco Trama 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(2):219-227
ABSTRACT: The thermal stratification characteristics of a flow-augmentation reservoir, Round Valley Reservoir, New Jersey, and attendant driving conditions were documented and analyzed for portions of three years. Substantial differences in the thermal stratification regime of the reservoir occurred in response to the documented changes in meteorological, operating, and light penetration conditions. The features of stratification that were affected included: the depth of the upper mixed layer, the average temperature of the epilimnion, the temperature gradient in the metalimnion, and the average temperature in the hypolimnion. 相似文献
28.
着重论述了株洲化工集团有限责任公司废水污染物排放总量控制指标的确定方法,并简述了排放总量控制对策。 相似文献
29.
化学工业固体废物毒性鉴别分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
该文介绍了对硫酸烧渣和磷石膏两种固体废物进行急性毒性和浸出毒性鉴别试验的过程与结果 ,并对磷石膏由危险废物转变为非危险废物的原因进行了探讨 ,为硫酸烧渣和磷石膏的处置和利用提供了依据 相似文献
30.
Contado C Blo G Conato C Dondi F Beckett R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(6):845-851
A review of the different methodologies employed to fractionate and characterize riverine suspended particulate matter is presented. The importance of size-based metal speciation is underlined and the possibility of studying it by the Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) technique is illustrated. The studies on the metal load in river Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) performed over the last ten years are critically reviewed focusing on the different methods employed to collect, concentrate and size-fractionate samples. The fact that there is no homogeneity in methods and data collection in this field is underlined. Among the different fractionation techniques, Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) methodologies have proved to be a good approach to study the role of SPM in metal load and transport. The possibility of studying size-based metal speciation using the SdFFF technique is presented and the importance of metal speciation in rivers is underlined. 相似文献