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111.
Kapil Dev Brahman Tasneem Gul Kazi Hassan Imran Afridi Tahir Rafique Jameel Ahmed Baig Sadaf Sadia Arain Naeem Ullah Abdul Haleem Panhwar Salma Arain 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8611-8628
In the current study, the chemistry of fresh and stored rainwater of Thar Desert, Pakistan, was estimated during two consecutive monsoon periods. The present research deals with the variation in physicochemical parameters, total arsenic (Ast), inorganic arsenic species (Asi, AsV, AsIII), and fluoride (F?) in stored rainwater (SRW) at different time intervals (1 week to 3 months). The pH of fresh rainwater (FRW) samples showed slightly acidic to neutral in nature (6.08–7.06) which were inconsistent with the reference pH value (5.6) of rainwater. The resulted data indicated that Ast and F? levels in SRW were enhanced with time duration. The levels of Ast and F? in SRW after different time intervals were found in the range of 194–683 μg/L and 10–35.4 mg/L, respectively. The values of Ast and F? were 20–70 and 7–24 times higher than those of WHO permissible limits, 10 μg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. The AsIII was dominant species in SRW, which corresponds to >60 % of Asi. The characteristics of the SRW revealed an unacceptable quality to consume for drinking and agricultural purposes in the studied area. 相似文献
112.
Sabouni Rana Gomaa Hassan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(6):5372-5380
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This research paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the degradation of three different contaminants including progesterone... 相似文献
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Gasification is the thermochemical conversion of organic feedstocks mainly into combustible syngas (CO and H2) along with other constituents. It has been widely used to convert coal into gaseous energy carriers but only has been recently looked at as a process for producing energy from biomass. This study explores the potential of gasification for energy production and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). It relies on adapting the theory governing the chemistry and kinetics of the gasification process to the use of MSW as a feedstock to the process. It also relies on an equilibrium kinetics and thermodynamics solver tool (Gasify®) in the process of modeling gasification of MSW. The effect of process temperature variation on gasifying MSW was explored and the results were compared to incineration as an alternative to gasification of MSW. Also, the assessment was performed comparatively for gasification of MSW in the United Arab Emirates, USA, and Thailand, presenting a spectrum of socioeconomic settings with varying MSW compositions in order to explore the effect of MSW composition variance on the products of gasification. All in all, this study provides an insight into the potential of gasification for the treatment of MSW and as a waste to energy alternative to incineration. 相似文献
116.
This paper deals with a system of integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system. RFID, GPS, GPRS and GIS along with camera technologies have been integrated and developed the bin and truck intelligent monitoring system. A new kind of integrated theoretical framework, hardware architecture and interface algorithm has been introduced between the technologies for the successful implementation of the proposed system. In this system, bin and truck database have been developed such a way that the information of bin and truck ID, date and time of waste collection, bin status, amount of waste and bin and truck GPS coordinates etc. are complied and stored for monitoring and management activities. The results showed that the real-time image processing, histogram analysis, waste estimation and other bin information have been displayed in the GUI of the monitoring system. The real-time test and experimental results showed that the performance of the developed system was stable and satisfied the monitoring system with high practicability and validity. 相似文献
117.
A. R. Ghumman I. Hassan Q. U. Z. Khan M. A. Kamal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4897-4905
In this paper, variability in precipitation pattern of Pakistan due to environmental and climatic changes has been studied. Maps have been generated to depict global precipitation variation. Precipitation data of 25 stations of Pakistan have been used. These data were taken from Meteorological Department, Islamabad, Pakistan. The results of two global climate models, namely Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research’s third generation general circulation model and National Center for Atmospheric Research’s first generation precipitation circulation model for A2 scenario have been applied to investigate the changes. It is observed that precipitation pattern will change significantly in the future. The occurrence of precipitation in all seasons for Pakistan is expected to increase with almost uniform distribution across a season. Average annual precipitation of the country will undergo an increase in the range of +57 to +71 % as compared to average of the base period. 相似文献
118.
Jo Ellen Brandmeyer Hassan A. Karimi 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):972-980
ABSTRACT Emissions from automobiles and trucks operating on public roads represent a major portion of the air pollutants included in emission inventories. When emission data are prepared for air quality modeling studies, such as those supporting development of a State Implementation Plan, an emission processor matches the spatial and temporal resolution of the emissions to the requirements of the modeling study. However, the spatial location of vehicular emissions is not known and must be estimated. This paper presents a methodology for determining the spatial distribution of the roads belonging to a road class using geospatial data functions, such as those commonly provided by a geographic information system. Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) are then allocated to medium-resolution (12 x 12-km) and fine-resolution (4 x 4-km) modeling grids using both this methodology and the existing top-down methodology, which uses population density. The results show a significant difference in the spatial distribution of VMT between these two methodologies. Based upon these results, we recommend using the road class-specific methodology in lieu of the population methodology for spatially allocating vehicular emissions for medium- and finer-resolution modeling grids. 相似文献
119.
John S. Boyer Hassan M. Younis 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1099-1104
Abstract Toxic agents may affect photosynthesis either by altering the diffusion of CO2 to the photosynthesizing cells or by altering the chloroplast activity for CO2 fixation. Therefore, the effect of toxic chemicals can be assessed by measurement of the rate of CO2 fixation. The effects on photosynthesis caused by altered CO2 diffusion can be distinguished from those caused at the chloroplast level by evaluating the CO2 concentration inside the leaf. If CO2 concentrations remain constant or rise as photosynthesis declines, the inhibition must act on chloroplast activity. If the CO2 concentrations decrease as photosynthesis declines, the inhibition may be caused by slower diffusion of CO2into the leaf. The latter possibility would suggest a stomatal closure to be the most probable cause of the decline of photosynthesis. 相似文献
120.
Khaleeq Anwar Sohail Ejaz Muhammad Ashraf Imran Altaf Aftab Ahmad Anjum 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4817-4830
Vehicular air pollution is a mounting health issue of the modern age, particularly in urban populations of the developing nations. Auto-rickshaws are not considered eco-friendly as to their inefficient engines producing large amount of particulate matter (PM), thus posing significant environmental threat. The present study was conducted to ascertain the cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic potential of PM from gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA). Based on the increased amount of aluminum quantified during proton-induced X-ray emission analysis of PM from TSA and FSA, different concentrations of aluminum sulfate were also tested to determine its eco-toxicological potential. The MTT assay demonstrated significant (p?<?0.001) dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate on BHK-21 cell line. LC50 of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate was quantified at 16, 11, and 23.8 μg/ml, respectively, establishing PM from FSA, a highly cytotoxic material. In case of phytotoxicity screening using Zea mays, the results demonstrated that all three tested materials were equally phytotoxic at higher concentrations producing significant reduction (p?<?0.001) in seed germination. Aluminum sulfate proved to be a highly phytotoxic agent even at its lowest concentration. Mutagenicity was assessed by fluctuation Salmonella reverse mutation assay adopting TA100 and TA98 mutant strains with (+S9) and without (?S9) metabolic activation. Despite the fact that different concentrations of PM from both sources, i.e., TSA and FSA were highly mutagenic (p?<?0.001) even at lower concentrations, the mutagenic index was higher in TSA. Data advocate that all tested materials are equally ecotoxic, and if the existing trend of atmospheric pollution by auto-rickshaws is continued, airborne heavy metals will seriously affect the normal growth of local inhabitants and increased contamination of agricultural products, which will amplify the dietary intake of the toxic elements and could result in genetic mutation or long-term health implications. 相似文献