几种模型物质在氯化中形成THMs、HAAs的特性研究

以胃蛋白酶(蛋白质)、谷胱甘肽(氨基酸多肽)、葡萄糖(糖类)作为模型物质代表藻来源有机物,并以Fluka腐殖酸为对照,研究其耗氯量、三卤甲烷(主要是氯仿)、卤乙酸(主要是二氯乙酸(DCAA)、三氯乙酸(TCAA))的形成情况.结果显示4种模型物质在氯化后,其余氯在前2 h迅速降低,6 h后则下降速度渐缓;其中耗氯量最大的是谷胱甘肽(96 h:7.1 mg·mg^-1(以每毫克碳计,下同)),其次是胃蛋白酶(96 h:4.2 mg·mg^-1)、腐殖酸(96 h:3.0 mg·mg^-1),而葡萄糖最小(96 h:0.7 mg·mg^-1).4种模型物质氯仿、DCAA、TCAA的生成速度也是在起初的2 h较快,随后渐缓;但从单位碳的产量来看,腐殖酸和胃蛋白酶形成氯仿(96h: 15.1~55.2 μg·mg^-1(以每毫克碳计,下同))、DCAA(96 h: 15.1~55.2 μg·mg^-1)、TCAA(96h: 15.1~55.2 μg·mg^-1)均较多,而谷胱甘肽、葡萄糖则相对较少(氯仿-96 h:2.5~5.1 μg·mg^-1;DCAA-96 h:0.6~8.0 μg·mg^-1;TCAA-96 h:0.12~3.8 μg·mg^-1);而从前驱物特性来说,氯仿、TCAA的前驱物具有较高的芳香度(即高的SUV₂₅₄值),而DCAA前驱物的SUV₂₅₄相对较低.对于富含蛋白质、多肽、糖类等的富营养化饮用水源,则要格外注意饮用水中DCAA所带来的健康风险.     

Anoxic degradation of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds by activated sludge and their active sites

The potential for degradation of five nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds(NHCs), i.e.,imidazole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, and carbazole, was investigated under anoxic conditions with acclimated activated sludge. Results showed that NHCs with initial concentration of 50 mg/L could be completely degraded within 60 hr. The degradation of five NHCs was dependent upon the chemical structures with the following sequence:imidazole pyridine indole quinoline carbazole in terms of their degradation rates.Quantitative structure–biodegradability relationship studies of the five NHCs showed that the anoxic degradation rates were correlated well with highest occupied molecular orbital.Additionally, the active sites of NHCs identified by calculation were confirmed by analysis of intermediates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

Road traffic impact on urban atmospheric aerosol loading at Oporto,Portugal

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5–10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44–66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse particles mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine particles secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28–48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18–28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension.     

Deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in China

Freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in China, and based on USEPA's guidelines. Acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to China to determine 48-h LC50 and 96-h LC50 values for 2,4-DCP. In addition, 21 day survival-reproduction tests with Daphnia magna, 30-day embryo-larval tests with Carassius auratus, 60 day fry-juvenile test with Ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early life stage tests with Bufo bufo gargarizans and 96 h growth inhibition tests with Scenedesms obliqaus were conducted, to estimate lower chronic limit (LCL) and upper chronic limit (UCL) values. The final acute value (FAV) was 2.49 mg/l 2,4-DCP. Acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR) ranged from 3.74 to 22.5. The final chronic value (FCV) and the final plant value (FPV) of 2.4-DCP were 0.212 mg/l and 7.07 mg/l respectively. Based on FAV, FCV, and FPV, a criteria maximum concentration (CMC) of 1.25 mg/l and a criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 0.212 mg/l were derived. The results of this study provide useful data for deriving national or local water quality criteria for 2,4-DCP based on aquatic biota in China.     

厌氧污泥床过滤器处理涤纶废水的生产性试验

采用厌氧泥床过滤器 (UASBAF)处理高浓度涤纶废水 ,试验结果表明 :UASBAF反应器具有较高的处理涤纶废水的效能 ,稳定运行容积负荷可达 10～ 12kg/m3 ·d ,水力停留时间 2 2～ 2 4h ,CODCr去除率 80 %左右 ,并具有启动快 ,耐冲击性负荷强的特点。     

生活与工业污水混合处理系统中关键毒物追踪

以常州市城北污水处理厂的进水和A^2O出水为研究对象，采用毒性鉴别评价（T IE）程序，对关键毒物进行了追踪。结果表明，进水对大型蚤（Daphnia magna）具 有24h急性毒性，经过A^2O系统的处理，出水已不显示24h急性毒性；因曝气可去除废水毒性，C18固相提取亦可去除废水毒性，据此判断进水中存在的主要毒物 为挥发性非极性有机化合物。进出水的GC／MS图谱显示，处理前后有机物浓度大大降低，关键毒物基本去除。     

丙烯腈水生态基准研究

参照美国环保局制定的“推导保护水生生物及其用途的国家水质基准的技术指南”，结合我国水生生物区系的特点，研究和推导优先污染物丙烯腈的水生态基准。根据８种水生动物的争性毒性试验、两种水生动物的慢性毒性试验和浮萍生长抑制毒性试验的结果；按照美国环保局推荐的计算方法，推导出丙烯腈的基准连续浓度为０．５７５１ｍｇ／Ｌ，基准最大浓度为２．１５６ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

生化剩余活性污泥中重金属脱除技术的研究

主要论述了利用磷酸、磷酸和双氧水混合溶剂对石油二厂的生化剩余活性的污泥进行脱重金属的实际研究，实验结果表明，当含双氧水的磷酸浓度达到42％时，污泥中的重金属汞，镉，砷，铬、铅，铜，锌，镍的去除率都大于90％，磷酸可回收重复使用，经磷酸和双氧水处理后的污泥中各种重金属的含量，以及污泥浸出液中重金属含量均符合国家标准。     

湖滨带温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)排放研究

利用不锈钢气体采集箱,在太湖梅梁湾湖区,沿水体至陆地方向对植被型和裸露型湖滨带进行温室气体N2O的原位排放观测。结果发现两种类型湖滨带N2O排放均显著高于临近的开阔水体,可以达到10~100倍,水位变幅区是湖滨带温室气体N2O排放的峰值区,是陆向和水向辐射区的5~10倍。在观测期间,N2O排放通量的范围为-159.2～1565.6μg·m-2·h-1,具有明显的时空梯度变化,时间上,9月份最高,随着气温的下降和芦苇的衰亡而逐渐减少,在1月份最低;空间上,自水向辐射区至陆向辐射区,先逐渐升高,在水位变幅区达到峰值,然后再降低。该结果初步说明了湖滨带是温室气体N2O的一个极其重要的排放源,而目前IPCC对水体N2O排放的估算可能存在很大的疏漏;同时也从一定程度上反映了湖滨带是湖泊脱氮的重要区域,其对缓解湖泊氮污染起到了举足轻重的作用。     

依靠技术进步 实行烧碱行业清洁生产

通过离子膜法与隔膜法制碱有关特性的比较，表明离子膜法制碱在技术，经济效益及环境效益方面均占有很大优势，是目前烧碱行业实行清洁的首工艺。