城市垃圾处理技术及应用前景

城市垃圾的处理是一个世界性问题。本文论述了城市垃圾埋、堆肥、焚烧三种处理技术的利用现状及不足之处，提出了综合处理的发展方向；批出垃圾分选是综合处理的关键技术，并介绍了垃圾的气流分选设备，介绍了国外垃圾分选综合处理的方法；提出了适用我国国情的简易综合处理技术及应用前景。     

新毒性试验生物萼花臂尾轮虫的特性试验

研究了萼花臂尾轮虫Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ ２４ｈ标准化急性毒性试验的可行性和优越性。应用轮虫休眠卵，在２５℃、３０００ｌｘ的强光照下进行孵化，吸取孵化后３ｈ内的幼体，进行２４ｈ（暗相）急性毒性试验。研究表明，Ｃｕ、Ｈｇ、ＮａＰＣＰ、ＳＤＳ、Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、ＮＨ３对Ｂ．ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ的２４ｈ ＬＣ５０值分别为０．０２２、０．０４３、１．３０、１．４７、１．７７、１     

Application of the simplified toxicity identification evaluation procedures to a chemical works effluent

Toxicity of a Chemical Works effluent from the Southeast China to the Daphnia magna was compared to determine the most representative aqueous fraction for simplified toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies. Toxicity characterization procedures revealed that the primary toxicant(s) was a nonpolar organic compound. Toxicity was recovered through C₁₈ solid-Phase extraction and concentration steps. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of these concentrates revealed the presence of chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, naphthalene, 1-chloro-3-nitrobenzene, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, 2-naphthol and aniline. The mass balance approach of TIE implicated the seven chemicals as the primary toxicants. The simplified TIE procedures can save our cost and time. The significance of the TIE results may indicate a more widespread problem what chemical(s) has priority to be controlled when being discharged.     

A/O工艺膜生物反应器处理生活污水的脱氮特性及硝化菌群的分子检测

采用A/O工艺膜生物反应器(MBR),以生活污水为处理对象,考察了系统的脱氮特性,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)与荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对系统中硝化菌群进行了分子检测.结果表明,A/O工艺MBR处理生活污水,TN去除率在85%左右,NH3-N去除率在95%以上;DGGE图谱显示,随着系统运行时间的延长,硝化菌群数量逐渐增加,并且不同菌种的丰度也发生了变化;FISH检测显示,系统中硝化菌的优势菌种为氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌.应用Motic Fluo 1.0软件对FISH结果进行分析,结果显示,系统运行初期到末期,氨氧化菌占硝化菌的比例一直保持在25%左右;亚硝酸氧化菌占硝化菌的比例由系统运行初期的35%逐渐增加到系统运行末期的55%左右.     

白沙蒿种皮胶质等因素对其植株再生的影响

对白沙蒿原生质体培养得到的愈伤组织进行分化诱导,得到完整植株。培养其中６－ＢＡ的浓度是芽分化的关键因素,白沙蒿种皮胶质对芽的再生有促进作用。不同抗菌素对芽分化的作用不尽相同,其中头孢霉素可增加芽的分化,而卡那霉素则抑制芽的分化。对白沙蒿种皮胶质进行定性、红外光谱和固体核磁共振分析,表明它为纤维素类物质,并带有羧基和甲基。图４表４参１５     

建筑垃圾对雨水径流中磷的吸附特性

以经过筛分、破碎等预处理后的砖砼建筑垃圾为研究对象,采用人工模拟雨水径流,通过静态吸附、动态吸附和脱附实验,研究了不同粒径粒级建筑垃圾对雨水径流中磷酸根的吸附效果和脱附特征.结果表明,建筑垃圾对磷酸根的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir等温模型能较好地描述其等温吸附过程;粒径粒级对建筑垃圾吸附磷酸根的效果具有重要影响,粒径粒级越小,对磷的去除效率越高,1—2.5 mm粒径的建筑垃圾对磷酸根去除率最大,其值为55%,建筑垃圾的粒径对磷的吸附平衡时间、吸附速率和吸附量也具有较大影响,粒径粒级1—2.5 mm的建筑垃圾对磷酸根的平衡吸附量最大值为7.8μg·g~(-1).建筑垃圾吸附的磷酸根在雨水径流pH值为5—9的范围内溶出风险较小.     

Impacts of methanol fuel on vehicular emissions: A review

● Methanol effectively reduces CO, HC, CO₂, PM, and PN emissions of gasoline vehicles. ● Elemental composition of methanol directly affects the reduction of emissions. ● Several physicochemical properties of methanol help reduce vehicle emissions. The transport sector is a significant energy consumer and a major contributor to urban air pollution. At present, the substitution of cleaner fuel is one feasible way to deal with the growing energy demand and environmental pollution. Methanol has been recognized as a good alternative to gasoline due to its good combustion performance. In the past decades, many studies have investigated exhaust emissions using methanol-gasoline blends. However, the conclusions derived from different studies vary significantly, and the explanations for the effects of methanol blending on exhaust emissions are also inconsistent. This review summarizes the characteristics of CO, HC, NO_x, CO₂, and particulate emissions from methanol-gasoline blended fuels and pure methanol fuel. CO, HC, CO₂, particle mass (PM), and particle number (PN) emissions decrease when methanol-blended fuel is used in place of gasoline fuel. NO_x emission either decreases or increases depending on the test conditions, i.e., methanol content. Furthermore, this review synthesizes the mechanisms by which methanol-blended fuel influences pollutant emissions. This review provides insight into the pollutant emissions from methanol-blended fuel, which will aid policymakers in making energy strategy decisions that take urban air pollution, climate change, and energy security into account.     

Anoxic degradation of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds by activated sludge and their active sites

The potential for degradation of five nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds(NHCs), i.e.,imidazole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, and carbazole, was investigated under anoxic conditions with acclimated activated sludge. Results showed that NHCs with initial concentration of 50 mg/L could be completely degraded within 60 hr. The degradation of five NHCs was dependent upon the chemical structures with the following sequence:imidazole pyridine indole quinoline carbazole in terms of their degradation rates.Quantitative structure–biodegradability relationship studies of the five NHCs showed that the anoxic degradation rates were correlated well with highest occupied molecular orbital.Additionally, the active sites of NHCs identified by calculation were confirmed by analysis of intermediates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

Road traffic impact on urban atmospheric aerosol loading at Oporto,Portugal

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5–10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44–66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse particles mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine particles secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28–48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18–28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension.