应用分散剂控制水面溢油污染的环境影响分析及建议

喷洒分散剂是一种广泛采用的水面事故性溢油应急措施.在分析了分散剂分散效果及其影响因素、分散剂的毒性及其生态环境影响、不同国家对于分散剂的使用及管理规定和中国关于分散剂的研究与使用管理现状的基础上,提出了中国分散剂研究与使用管理建议,主要包括:(1)建立国家级分散剂重点实验室,深入分散剂生态毒理学和迁移转归研究以及新型分散剂开发研究,提高中国在此研究领域的国际地位;(2)修订或建立中国分散剂分析、检验和使用相关标准;(3)建议海事和水运交通管理部门进行所辖区域溢油应急措施的风险评估,并加强对溢油应急事故处理中分散剂使用的授权和管理.     

Strategies to combat desertification for the twenty-first century in China

SUMMARY

During the past half century, China has experienced increasingly severe land degradation, soil erosion, and desert expansion. Desertification is affecting one third of China's total territory and the annual accelerating rate of desertification spread is as high as 2460 km² in China. In 1996, China developed a National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP), which is aimed to apply new legal measures and technical approaches to slow down desertification processes and achieve a long-term goal — control desertification and alleviate poverty through continuous efforts to fight against desertification, stabilize mobile dunes, revegetate degraded rangeland and control soil erosion in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. The long-term and integrated strategies of China's NAP result in encouragement of social participation, legal institutional guarantees, policy making, and establishment of demonstrations/pilot projects to combat desertification at both national and provincial level.     

基于ASM2的快速易生物降解COD组分表征方法构建

基于活性污泥2号模型（ASM2）对快速易生物降解组分（SS）进一步划分为可发酵的易生物降解有机物（SF）和发酵产物（SA）,本研究提出了一套科学的表征方法。该方法涉及SS与XS（慢速可生物降解组分）的好氧呼吸测量同时表征、SA组分的离子色谱测定以及物料衡算。应用这套方法对重庆市某2个城市污水厂隔栅井出水水样平行进行了4组实验,各种组分测量值序列的CV值在2.09%～6.18%之间。     

The effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

To evaluate if hedgerows could improve the soil physicochemical properties and enhance the soil anti-scouring and anti-shearing capabilities, the effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were investigated. Results showed that: (1) the clay particle accumulation around the hedgerows was significantly affected by the hedgerows; (2) the fractal dimension of soil particles was positively correlated with both silt and clay contents and had a negative linear correlation with sand content; (3) fine-grained content significantly influenced fractal dimension of the soil particles; (4) soil erodibility K was significantly and positively correlated with the sand content (correlation coefficient r?=?0.870), but significantly and negatively correlated with the silt content (r?=??0.538), clay content (r?=??0.739), organic carbon content (r?=??0.603), the aggregation degree (r?=??0.486), and soil fractal dimension (r?=??0.538); and (5) the contents of organic matter and clay particles in the soil were found to be the effective indicators for soil erodibility at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The hedgerows may improve soil fractal features and decrease soil erodibility. The effective distance between hedgerows on a slope of 10° was less than 6 m.     

Labor productivity of small-scale agriculture and its influence on agricultural landscape conservation in mountainous areas in China: a case study of rice farming in Hani terraced region

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Small-scale agriculture (SA) is regarded as unsustainability because of its low benefit. To protect traditional agricultural landscapes like terraces...     

坚持安全发展 推进综合监管——访国家安监总局副局长梁嘉琨

近年来，我国各级安全生产监管部门全面落实科学发展观，坚持安全发展的理念，认真履行安全生产综合监管职能，积极探索开展综合监管工作的措施、途径和手段，逐步构筑了“分类指导、职责明晰、条块结合、运行有序、机制完善”的安全生产综合监管机制和总体格局，全国安全生产综合监管建设取得了长足的进步。但是，在综合监管工作实践中，很多地区也都遇到并提出了同样的问题：《安全生产法》等法律法规中并没有对综合监管的内容作出明确的规定。     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.     

ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器（ICSTD）处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养，使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d，进泥含水率为99.23％～99.46％，进泥VS/TS为0.65～0.73，进泥COD为4 115～5 780 mg/L，反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m³·d)时，排泥含水率在96.2％～97.3％，排泥VS/TS为0.48～0.57，COD去除率在95％以上，出水pH在6.6～7.1，且上清液澄清。试验结果表明： ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验，采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d，能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定，对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用，同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。     

利用某尾矿制备纳米SiO2

采用固相熔融法从尾矿中提取SiO2,利用超声辅助化学沉淀法制备纳米SiO2。分别研究了NaOH与尾矿质量比、反应温度、反应时间对SiO2提取率的影响,以及溶解水量、HCl浓度、终点pH、超声波功率和超声波频率对纳米SiO2性能的影响,研究表明,当NaOH与尾矿的质量比为1.4∶1,温度为325℃时灼烧25 min后用100 mL水溶解,滴加1.6 mol/LHCl酸化沉淀,终点pH调至8.5,在超声功率100 W,超声频率28 Hz的条件下,尾矿中SiO2提取率达到98.0%,产物中SiO2含量为98.40%,平均粒度为18 nm,得到的产品符合国家标准。     

土壤总铬测定方法的改进

硝酸－－硫酸－－磷酸消解，高锰酸钾氧化，二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法检测土壤总铬是土壤总铬检测方法之一。文章在上述方法原理基础上通过实验进一步研究建立新方法。该方法检出限低0．075μg，灵敏度、准确度高，精度小于等于3％。新方法操作更科学，降低实验成本、省力、省时、准确、快捷。