Enhanced bioremediation of soil from Tianjin,China, contaminated with polybrominated diethyl ethers

This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrients, H₂O₂, and tourmaline on the bioremediation of fields where the soil was contaminated with polybrominated diethyl ethers (PBDEs). The results showed that 39.2, 38.3, and 48.1 % of total PBDE removal was observed in microcosms with the addition of nutrients, such as NaNO₃, NH₄Cl, and NH₄NO₃, respectively, compared to only 15.2 and 5.8 % of PBDE removal from soil with added Aspergillus niger and control soil, respectively, after 50 days of incubation. In addition, 50.8 and 56.5 % of total PBDE removal were observed in microcosms with 0.5 and 1 μL H₂O₂. The addition of tourmaline increased total PBDE removal to 32.4 %. Significant increases in soil enzymatic activity with PBDE degraders and bacterial communities were observed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). These observations suggested that the combination of inorganic nutrients with chemical, mineral, and biological treatment could improve the PBDE removal efficiency. However, the combination of H₂O₂ and biological treatment processes is the most efficient technology. This combination of technologies would not cause adverse effects on the subsequent bioremediation process. Therefore, this work offers a potential alternative for the remediation of soil contaminated with PBDE pollutants.     

综合管廊防火研究

我国综合管廊的发展已由规模建设期逐步进入运营期,综合管廊的防火研究也在不断发展变革。目前的法规标准对防火分隔、自动灭火设施、应急逃生口等防火设计的规定并不明确,项目组对近年来我国综合管廊的规范标准发展、工程设计实践、消防理念更新进行了调研和分析探讨,并分析综述了现有综合管廊的相关研究,可为后续综合管廊的防火研究和工程设计提供重要参考。     

Translocation analysis and safety assessment in two water spinach cultivars with distinctive shoot Cd and Pb concentrations

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and assess the safety of edible parts in two cultivars of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) contrasting in shoot Cd and Pb concentrations. A low-Cd-Pb cultivar (QLQ) and a high-Cd-Pb cultivar (T308) were grown in five soils with different concentrations of Cd and Pb. The results showed that QLQ had lower Cd and Pb concentrations in stems and leaves and higher root Cd concentration than T308 did. Root Pb concentration of T308 dramatically increased with increasing soil Pb concentration and was higher than that of QLQ in the highest Pb treatment. The root-to-stem Cd translocation ability in T308 was 2.3–3.0-fold higher than that in QLQ. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in root-to-stem Pb translocation between QLQ and T308. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for Cd and Pb in the two cultivars remained stable in different Cd or Pb treatments, which were attributable to the homeostatic control mechanisms of Cd and Pb in water spinach.     

两种无机盐形成的盐度对淡水藻类生长的影响

利用水族箱微宇宙方法研究了2种无机盐所形成的盐度对淡水藻类生长和种类变化的影响.以景观鱼池水为试验水体,通过分别添加不同数量的NaCl和Na2SO4,各自设定4个盐度梯度,分别为3、6、9 g·L-1和12 g·L-1,考察藻类生长的变化情况.2种无机盐的试验结果均表明,在一定时期内较低盐度(不高于3 g·L-1)对藻类的生长略有促进,而过高的盐度(不低于6 g·L-1)对藻类生长有不同程度的抑制作用.对比两种盐对藻类生长的影响,发现Na2SO4形成的盐度对藻类生长的影响大于NaCl.盐度升高对试验水体中藻类的优势种影响不明显,高盐度胁迫使优势种端尖月牙藻(Selenastrum westii)的集群状态和生长发育受到较大影响.     

三丁基锡的生物富集与分配行为

测定了不同pH和盐度条件下三丁基锡（TBT）在罗非鱼（Tilapia）体内的生物富集系数（BCF）及其在正辛醇－水体系的分配系数（Kow）和人工合成生物膜－水体系的分配系数（Dmw），并对其相关关系进行了探讨。富集实验进行了168h，TBT在pH=8时的富集初始速率和168hBCF明显高于pH=6时，pH6和8时的BCF分别为754．9和1132．1。坜度对生物富集也存在较大影响，盐度为0‰、15.0‰和25．0‰时的BCF分别为1071．8、871．8和276．6。TBT的Kow和Dmw也表现为随pH升高而升高、随盐度升高而下降的趋势，但Dmw能更精确地预测TBT的BCF随环境条件的变化。     

藻类固定化技术在环境领域中的应用

在近年来，藻类固定化技术在环境领域中的应用逐渐得到重视，通过全面调研８０年代以来１００多篇文献后，文章精辟地综述了藻类固定化技术及其在污染治理和环境监测中的应用和发展趋势，以及国内的研究成果。     

三氯乙烯在模型吸附剂上的吸附特性

为了分别揭示矿物质、有机质在疏水性有机物吸附中的作用,文章研究了蒙脱石、高岭土、硅胶以及用腐殖酸修饰后的这3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附行为。采用批量吸附实验方法分别研究了三氯乙烯在不同吸附剂上的吸附。结果表明,硅胶、高岭土、蒙脱石对三氯乙烯均具有一定的吸附能力,吸附系数Kd值分别为10.3、3.13、1.15L·kg-1,硅胶的吸附能力明显高于高岭土和蒙脱石。3种无机模型吸附剂对腐殖酸表现出不同的吸附能力,蒙脱石最强,高岭土次之,硅胶最差,与对三氯乙烯的吸附能力正好相反。被腐殖酸修饰后3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附都明显增强,但增强程度不一样,当用8%腐殖酸(腐殖酸与模型吸附剂的质量比)修饰后,3种吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附Kd值均在23L·kg-1左右。虽然Kd随有机质的质量分数增高而上升,但是Kd值与有机质的质量分数不存在线性相关关系,特别是对于具有较高吸附能力的无机吸附剂,说明无机矿物本身结构对于吸附起到同等重要的作用。     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important. Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(3): 61–66 [译自: 环境科学研究]     

水体pH和曝气方式对藻类生长的影响

利用水族箱微宇宙研究了藻类在不同pH和曝气条件下的生长和种类变化.使用天然湖水,一组试验每天调节pH,使其分别保持在8.0、8.5、9.0和9.5;另一组试验是设定不同的曝气方式,分别为不曝气、完全曝气、昼间曝气和夜间曝气,定期测定水体叶绿素a和藻类组成.pH试验结果显示,在pH 8.0～9.5范围内,pH 8.5下藻类生长状况最好,pH 9.5下生长最差,人为改变pH使其远离8.5能够抑制藻类生长.曝气试验结果显示,曝气不能抑制水体中藻类的生长,昼间曝气甚至还有明显的促进作用.     

半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)对PAHs 和壬基酚类的静态富集

半透膜采样装置(SPMDs)是一种被动采样装置,它能模拟有机污染物穿过生物膜从水相到生物有机相的分配平衡过程,使得结果能显示出污染物的生物可利用性。它能对环境中有机污染物进行长时间连续监测,所得的是污染物被SPMD富集后的时间权重浓度。本实验测定了温度为18℃时标准SPMD对7种PAHs和3种NPnEO(n=0～2)的静态富集过程,通过测定污染物达到平衡时在SPMD内的浓度和在水相中浓度的比值,求解了各自的SPMD/水分配平衡常数KSPMD。表明了有机污染物在SPMD和水相之间达到分配平衡所需要的时间是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐增长的,还与其各自的分子极性有关,并且几种达到富集平衡的PAHs在SPMD内的浓度也是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐变大。比较KSPMD的理论值和实测值可以发现,对于PAHs而言,其实测值都高于理论值,而NPnEO都是实测值低于其理论值。但是KSPMD实测值和理论值随污染物Kow值变化的趋势相同。