三丁基锡在水-脂质体间的分配行为

测定了不同酸度条件下三丁基锡(TBT)的正辛醇-水分配系数,并用卵磷脂自行制备脂质体代替正辛醇研究了TBT在人工合成生物膜-水间的分配行为.结果表明TBT在正辛醇和脂膜中的分配均随pH的增大而增大.但将二者进行比较,发现在pH＞pK_a时,TBT在二者中的分配比很接近,此时是疏水性TBTOH占优势;但在低pH下,TBT⁺是主要存在形态,其在脂膜中的分配量要大于在正辛醇中的分配量,说明此时用正辛醇来模拟三丁基锡在生物膜中的分配是不合适的.对离子型有机金     

碳热还原二氧化硫的热力学平衡验证

用煤或焦炭作还原剂，将烟气中的二氧化硫直接还原为元素硫是一种很有应用前景的烟气处理方法。本文采用循环法研究了碳的类型、温度、以及碳用量对反应达到平衡时硫收率和ＳＯ２转化率的影响。实验结果表明，与文献的理论计算结果相比，碳用量对平衡组成的影响基本一致，而温度的影响则不尽相同。     

β-修正光度法测定天然水中钙

在碱性溶液中,Ca~(2+)与紫脲酸铵反应,反应液由紫色变红色,研究在双波长利用β-修正吸光度定量痕量钙新方法,通过对天然水分析,检出限0.05mg/L,RSD<4％,加标回收率93.8％～108％。     

β修正孔雀绿光度法测定工业废水中银

在ｐＨ５醋酸盐缓冲溶液中,银（Ａｇ＾＋）与孔雀绿（ＭＧ）和碘化钾作用生成绿色缔合物。β修正光度法利用该显色反应能完全消除反应体系中过量ＭＧ干扰,计算缔合产物真实吸光度。分析灵敏度、精密度和准确度均比普通单波长光度法有明显提高。结果表明：银浓度０－２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律,方法检出限０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ;废水加标回收率９７．３％－１０７％,相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ）６．２％。     

河口水及藻类对三丁基锡的降解作用

研究了海河河口水在不同条件下对三丁基锡（TBT）的降解作用。不同条件下TBT的降解半衰期为5.7天～84.5天。提高温度、光照和加入营养盐和腐殖酸均加快TBT的降解,说明TBT的降解与生物作用有关。为此,进一步研究了两种藻——淡水斜生栅藻（_{Scenedesmusobliquus}）和生于河口地区的扁藻（_{Platymonassp．}）及藻液中细菌群落对TBT的降解作用。结果表明,光降解是微乎其微的。细菌群落对TBT有一定的降解作用,栅藻、扁藻中的细菌群落对TBT降解半衰期分别为54.3天和20.2天。藻类对TBT的降解速度比细菌快很多,是TBT降解的主要因素,栅藻、扁藻对TBT降解半衰期分别为5.2天和1.7天。     

粉煤灰及改性粉煤灰对邻甲酚吸附性能的研究

研究了水溶液中粉煤灰(FA)和浸渍粉煤灰(IFA)吸附有害的邻甲酚,试验了颗粒大小、浸渍条件、pH值和温度等因素对吸附量的影响.结果表明,在稀溶液中进行吸附时,提高温度、减小粒径和pH值,可增加粉煤灰对邻甲酚的吸附量;用Al3+离子浸渍的粉煤灰具有较大的吸附量;吸附过程机理主要是多孔物质和静电作用的共同结果所致.     

宏基因组技术及其在环境保护和污染修复中的应用

宏基因组学是分子生物学技术应用于微生物生态学研究而形成的一个新概念,以环境中末培养微生物为研究对象,通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库,利用基因组学策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能.从1998年提出至今,该项技术已经广泛应用于工业、农业、医学等研究领域.文章在对宏基因组学的概念、研究方法、存在问题的综述基础上提出了相应的解决方法,并指出该技术在环境保护和污染修复中存在潜在的应用价值.利用该技术可以深入了解特定环境中微生物空间分布和动态变化,为环境监测、预警和评价提供理论依据.     

Enhanced bioaccumulation of pentachlorophenol in carp in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The impact of suspended particles on the bioavailability of pollutants has long been a controversial topic. In this study, adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) onto a natural suspended particulate matter (SPM) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied. Facilitated transports of PCP into carp by SPM and MWCNTs were evaluated by bioaccumulation tests exposing carp (Carassius auratus red var.) to PCP-contaminated water in the presence of SPM and MWCNTs, respectively. Desorption of PCP on SPM and MWCNTs in simulated digested fluids was also investigated. The results demonstrate that MWCNTs (K _F?=?7.99?×?10⁴) had a significantly stronger adsorption capacity for PCP than the SPM (K _F?=?19.0). The presence of SPM and MWCNTs both improved PCP accumulation in the carp during the 21 days of exposure, and the 21 days PCP concentration in the carp was enhanced by 25.9 and 12.8 % than that without particles, respectively. The enhancement in bioaccumulation by MWCNTs was less than that by the SPM. Considerably more PCP was accumulated in the viscera of the fish (BCF?=?519495 for SPM and 148955 for MWCNTs), and the difference in PCP concentrations between different tissues became greater with particles. PCP desorption in the simulated digestive fluids was faster than that in the background solution. Compared to MWCNTs-bound PCP, more SPM-bound PCP was desorbed, and K _F of desorption for SPM was at least 4 orders of magnitude higher than that for MWCNTs, which can explain the greater enhancement in bioaccumulation in the presence of SPM. Particle-bound pollutants might pose more risk than pollutants alone.     

Characterization of cadmium uptake,translocation, and distribution in young seedlings of two hot pepper cultivars that differ in fruit cadmium concentration

The reasons why some cultivars of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) accumulate low levels of Cd are poorly understood. We aimed to compare the characteristics of Cd uptake and translocation in low-Cd and high-Cd hot pepper cultivars by determining the subcellular locations and chemical forms of Cd, and its distribution among different plant organs. We conducted a hydroponic experiment to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in roots, stems, and leaves of a low-Cd (Yeshengchaotianjiao, YCT) and a high-Cd cultivar (Jinfuzaohuangjiao, JFZ). The results showed that the concentrations of Cd in almost all subcellular fractions of roots, and in all chemical forms in roots, were higher in YCT than in JFZ. Compared with YCT, JFZ had higher Cd concentrations in almost all subcellular fractions of stems and leaves, and higher Cd concentrations in almost all chemical forms in stems and leaves. Additionally, YCT had significantly higher total Cd accumulation but a lower Cd translocation rate compared with JFZ. In general, the results presented in this study revealed that root-to-shoot Cd translocation via the xylem is the key physiological processes determining the Cd accumulation level in stems and leaves of hot pepper plants. Immobilization of Cd by the cell walls of different organs is important in Cd detoxification and limiting the symplastic movement of Cd.