Distribution of phthalate esters in topsoil: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of phthalate esters (PAEs) of soil residues, soil samples (0～20 cm) (n?=?82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. PAEs were detected in all topsoil samples analyzed, which indicated that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Concentrations of 11 PAEs are in the range of 0.794～19.504 μg g^?1, with an average value of 2.975 μg g^?1. It was presented that PAEs pollution in this area was weak and monotonously increasing along the rural–urban gradient. Higher concentrations were observed from roadsides (and/or gutters), densely anthropogenic activities areas (such as the urbanization and industrialization), and agriculture influence district, which mainly originated from construction waste, municipal sewage, agricultural waste and pesticide, discarded plastic effusion and atmospheric depositions. Concentrations of PAEs were weakly positivity correlated with soil organic carbon content and pH, which suggested both of them can affect the distribution of PAEs. The concentration of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate dominated in the 11 PAEs, with the average values of 0.735 and 1.915 μg g^?1, respectively, and accounted for 92.1 % of the whole PAEs’ concentrations. No significant differences of PAE congeneric profiles were observed between our work and others previously reported, which is consistent with the use of similar commercial PAEs around the world.     

疏水性有机污染物在土壤/沉积物中的赋存状态研究

土壤/沉积物是环境中有机污染物主要的汇,由于土壤-沉积物结构和性质的复杂性,有机污染物进入其中,会结合在不同的位点上,赋存状态发生分化,具有不同的物理流动性、生态风险和化学反应活性.对于土壤-沉积物中有机污染物吸附/解吸的研究是认识其赋存状态并预测其生态风险的重要手段.本文对于疏水性污染物吸附/解吸及赋存状态的国内外研...     

三苯基锡和三丁基锡对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的毒性作用研究

本研究测定了三苯基锡（ＴＰＴ）和三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对大型蚤（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｍａｇｎａ）的急性毒性及慢性毒性，同时研究了环境因素（腐殖酸、硬度、酸度）对ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０的影响。结果表明，ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ对大型蚤的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为１３．３３ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１和３．９１ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１，慢性实验结果表明，ＴＰＴ对大型蚤的生长繁殖有一定的抑制作用。     

MnO2表面结合Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用

通过批量实验研究了Fe(Ⅱ)、MnO2和MnO2表面吸附Fe(Ⅱ)这3种体系对溶液中三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用。发现Fe(Ⅱ)吸附在MnO2表面时,对三氯乙烯的脱氯作用最强,氯代降解产物为顺-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE),且反应符合准一级动力学。进一步实验表明,保持Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为1 mmol/L,反应速率常数kobs和三氯乙烯去除率随pH升高(5.0～9.0)而增加,最大值分别为1.62×10-1h-1、70.4%;固定pH=7.0,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率随其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度增加(1～3mmol/L)而增大。Fe(Ⅱ)浓度继续增加,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率反而减小。pH=7.0,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为3 mmol/L时,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率达到最大值,分别为2.86×10-1h-1和85.7%。     

Phenanthrene partitioning in sediment–surfactant–fresh/saline water systems

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of salinity on the effectiveness of surfactants in the remediation of sediments contaminated with phenanthrene (PHE). This is an example of a more general application of surfactants in removing hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from contaminated soil/sediment in saline environments via in-situ enhanced sorption or ex-situ soil washing. Salinity effects on surfactant micelle formation and PHE partitioning into solution surfactant micelles and sorbed surfactant were investigated. The critical micelle concentration of surfactants decreased, and PHE partition between surfactant micelles and water increased with increasing salinity. Carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K_ss) of PHE onto the sorbed cationic surfactant increased significantly with increasing salinity, which illustrates a more pronounced immobilization of PHE by cationic surfactant in a saline system. Reduction of PHE sorption by anionic surfactant was more pronounced in the saline system, indicating that the anionic surfactant has a higher soil washing effectiveness in saline systems.     

利用电动力学方法向土壤注入无机盐研究

研究了利用电动力学向土壤注入无机盐过程中,电极运行方式、电压和注入时间对营养盐分布的影响。结果表明,采取变换电场方向的运行方式,更有利于电场中营养盐的均匀分布。通过电动注入的方式,可以在较短时间(24～36h)内向土壤中有效引入硫酸盐,且随着时间的延长,硫酸根在土壤中的浓度不断提高。由于电场可导致不同氮形式间的转化,引起含氮营养盐有效形态的流失,因此电动注入硝酸盐的时间不宜过长,在72 h内为佳。同时,由于硝酸根迁移速度较快,因此为保证硝酸盐在土壤中的浓度,0.5 V/cm电压梯度的效果较好。     

氢氧化钠-膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液

介绍了氢氧化钠－膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液新工艺，并确定了主要的技术参数。该工艺具有回收NiSO4纯度高，出水Ni^2 可实现稳定达排放等优点。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚总量

建立了固相萃取一反相液相色谱一荧光检测法分析污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚总量的方法.固相萃取采用Wa-ters Oasis HLB固相萃取柱(30 μg×60 mg×3 mL),6 mL二氯甲烷/甲醇(90/10,V/V)混合溶剂洗脱,洗脱液用氮吹仪浓缩至1 mL,回收率为99.68%.采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDBC-18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)反相色谱柱,甲醇/水为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,以每分钟增加2.5%的梯度陡度进行洗脱,流动相中甲醇比例由70%增加到100%,柱温23℃,进样量15μL.荧光检测器的激发波长230 nm,发射波长313 nm.采用外标法定量.该方法的空白加标和污水样品加标回收率均在90%以上,标准偏差小于10%,定量下限为0.97～1.90 μg/L.利用该方法分别对污水处理厂进水水样、二级处理出水水样、再生水水样进行了测定,测定结果的准确度和精密度满足痕量分析的要求.     

选择双波长光度法测定天然水中溶解氧

本文依据悬浮液对光的吸收行为研究ＤＯ与Ｍｎ＾２＋－Ｉ＾－－Ｈ＾＋反应液吸收光谱，发现在５２０－６００ｎｍ波长范围内其光谱与悬浊液光谱相平行，由此研究在此波长内任意选择双波长测定痕量锰的新方法，实验结果表明该方法灵敏度和精密度均较传统容量法高，计算曲线稳定性好，适合于天然水分析。     

天然水中Ca^2＋的双波长分光光度法测定

依据胶体颗粒与入射光有A=φε~(-2)λ~(-ε)关系,又φε~(-6)与CaC_2O_4-乙醇胶体体系中的Ca~(2+)浓度呈正相关,φ、ε分别为胶粒的粒数函数和粒径函数。选择两个测定波长λ_1和λ_2,解联立方程,计算φ和ε,由φ和ε求Ca~(2+)浓度。方法的线性范围为0～20μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.4μg/ml。