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991.
Lijing Meng Licheng Liu Xuehong Zi Hongxing Dai Zhen Zhao Xinping Wang Hong He 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2010,4(2):164-171
A new method called ultrasonic-assisted membrane reaction (UAMR) was reported for the fabrication of ceria-zirconia solid
solution. A series of ceria-zirconia solid solutions with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were prepared by the UAMR method and
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The UAMR method proved to
be superior, especially when the Ce/Zr molar ratio was lower than 1, in fabricating ceria-zirconia solid solutions with large
BET surface area, high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and low reduction temperature. 相似文献
992.
Pinjing He Min Li Suyun Xu Liming Shao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(4):404-411
This paper describes the feasibility of fresh leachate treatment by an upflow blanket filter (UBF). Through dilution and partial
effluent recycling, the organic loading rates increased from 0.51 to 14.56 kg COD/(m3·d), meanwhile the corresponding hydraulic retention time decreased from 9.0 to 3.6 d. The reactor was able to achieve steady-state
within 80 d. Based on the distribution of COD fluxes in the process, it was concluded that anabolism was the main pathway
of COD removal in the initial phase (1–33 d), accounting for 57%–85% of total COD removed. As the anaerobic consortium of
bacteria reached steady-state (after 70–86 d), the majority of COD removed was transformed into methane, because the specific
methane yield was close to the theoretical value (0.36 L CH4/(g CODdeg)). 相似文献
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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is currently recognized as an important human food borne pathogen, and it is one of the most resistant
enteric RNA viruses, is highly infectious, and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The aim of this study was to optimize the
methods to detect HAV from artificially contaminated food. To this end, strawberry and lettuce were experimentally contaminated
with HAV suspension containing 6 × 106 copies/ml. After contamination, HAV persistence and washing procedure were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 9 days of storage.
Five elution buffers (PBS (pH 7.4)/0.1% Tween80; 50 mM glycine/3% (wt/vol) beef extract (pH 9.5); PBS (pH 7, 4); 25 mM glycine/0.1
Tween80; and 1 M sodium bicarbonate) were used to elute the virus, and qualitative and quantitative PCR were used for HAV
detection. HAV was detected by qualitative and quantitative PCR using any of the five elution buffers, but PBS was the most
effective. Even after washing, HAV was detected up to 9 days after contamination by quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was
more sensitive than qualitative PCR since samples containing viral load lower than 1.4 × 103 copies/ml could not be detected by qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR can be used for rapid detection of food borne viruses
and will help in the monitoring and control of food borne disease. 相似文献
998.
Ingeborg L. A. Boxman 《Food and environmental virology》2010,2(3):156-166
Different sources were consulted to obtain information on the occurrence of viruses in bivalve molluscs on the European market.
Twenty-six peer-reviewed articles were identified reporting on the molecular detection of viral RNA in 4,260 samples in total.
The data obtained will be presented geographically on virus types detected, the origin and treatment of the shellfish, and
the detection technique applied. The data demonstrate that viral RNA can be detected in shellfish from polluted areas, in
depurated shellfish as well as those for human consumption. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database
was consulted as another source. Twenty-eight notifications were identified on the presence of hepatitis A virus or norovirus
in shellfish on the European market. The most recent report of the European laboratory network was referred to, to gain insight
into the laboratory capability at present for the analyses of shellfish on the presence of viruses. Approximately 67% of 27
participating laboratories obtained intended results for all samples, consisting of lenticules loaded with 103 copies norovirus (genogroup I (GGI) and/or genogroup II (GGII)) and/or 1 × 105–8 × 104 copies of hepatitis A virus. From 1993, there has been a continuous development of molecular detection techniques and tools
have been described to ensure quality assurance. End product testing will, however, not be achievable. As depuration has been
shown not to be effective for the complete elimination of viruses, shellfish should not be in contact with faecal contaminated
water in order to minimise the risk of shellfish-transmittable viral diseases. 相似文献
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1000.
Pursuing an integrated development and climate policy framework in Africa: options for mainstreaming
Climate change presents a major threat to the prospects for sustained economic development in Africa. In spite of this, climate change concerns do not feature prominently in the implementation of national and regional development programmes. The present paper identifies the likely trade-offs and synergies that may emerge from an integrated ‘development-climate’ approach to policy making. Also, the paper presents the case for the formulation and evaluation of an integrated policy approach based on four principle criteria, including; long-term environmental effectiveness, equity considerations, cost-effectiveness and the institutional compatibility of the policy combinations. What is more? The paper suggests specific options for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in various sectoral development agenda such as; agricultural intensification, poverty eradication, rural development, urban renewal, energy security of supply and trade. Given the wide divergence of socio-economic systems and the peculiar challenges faced by individual countries in the continent, further research is required on robust country-specific strategies for pursuing an integrated development-climate policy framework. 相似文献