川南6市空气中SO2和NO2空间分布特征

利用简单、方便、不用电源的被动采样技术分别对川南地区6市区域范围内空气中SO2和NO2在雨季和旱季的空间分布特征进行研究。按16 km×16 km的均匀网格布设点位162个,并在雨季于6市各选1个空气自动站布设城区点位采集空气中SO2和NO2。获得的样品经0.3%的双氧水浸提后采用离子色谱法进行分析,经换算后获得空气中SO2和NO2的浓度,了解了其含量水平,绘制了SO2和NO2的空间分布图,掌握了其空间分布特征,并对可能的来源进行了浅析。将被动采样监测结果与自动站监测结果进行相关分析,两者高度线性相关,NO2和SO2线性相关系数分别为0.901 3和0.874 5,均大于r0.05(4)=0.811 4。     

西安城北地区秋季PM_(2.5)中的矿尘颗粒污染特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)对西安市大气矿尘颗粒物进行连续12 d在线分析,共采集到107 425个同时含有正负质谱信息的矿尘颗粒,矿尘颗粒物占PM_(2.5)样本数的8.44%。结果表明,矿尘颗粒物的正离子碎片成分以Na~+、K~+、Al~+、Ca~+、CaO~+、Fe~+为主,同时还含有Pb~+等,负离子碎片成分以NO~-_2和NO~-_3为主,另外还含有HSO~-_4、SiO~-_3、HSiO~-_3、H(NO_3)~-_2等。在西安市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、铁氧颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分。将观测阶段采集到的矿尘颗粒纳入本地污染源谱进行来源分析,其主要来源为扬尘源、工业源、燃煤源和汽车尾气源等。     

离子色谱-串联质谱测定地表水中高氯酸盐

采用离子色谱-串联质谱测定地表水中高氯酸盐,在US EPA相应分析方法的基础上进行了优化,以阴离子交换柱为分析柱,氢氧化钾为淋洗液,经抑制电导检测后通过阀切换将检测液中大量弱保留的阴离子切到废液后再将强保留的高氯酸盐切入质谱,电喷雾负离子模式电离,选择离子反应监测(SIM)高氯酸盐。方法检出限达0.031μg/L,实际样品相对标准偏差为2.26%~4.45%,加标回收率为93.0%~98.0%。四川省内主要河流的高氯酸盐浓度在未检出~68.0μg/L之间,高氯酸盐污染不容忽视。     

安徽省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化特征

在全面分析安徽省生态环境监测数据的基础上,总结了"十三五"时期安徽省生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题,提出相应的对策建议。结果表明:"十三五"期间,安徽省生态环境质量全面好转,2020年全省优良天数比例为82.9%,比"十二五"末上升2.0百分点。PM_2.5平均质量浓度为39 μg/m³,比"十二五"末下降25.0%。地表水水质由轻度污染转为良好,全面消除劣Ⅴ类断面。酸雨污染持续减轻。但全省生态环境形势依旧严峻,PM_2.5和O₃复合型污染特征越发明显,部分河流、湖库污染依然存在,巢湖富营养化问题未得到根本解决,农村地下饮用水水源地及县域地表水水质达标率较低,局部区域存在土壤污染问题,地下水以Ⅳ类水质为主。生态环境质量现状与人民对美好生态环境的需求,社会经济发展与环境承载能力之间的矛盾仍然存在。生态环境污染治理已进入攻坚期,环境质量持续改善的难度加大。     

Adaptation responses of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge to polystyrene microplastic particles in municipal wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastics are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants, but the knowledge of their effects on microalgal-bacterial granular sludge...     

地铁车站深基坑钢支撑体系轴力预测及安全预警模型研究∗

随着我国基坑开挖数量和规模的不断增长，基坑事故率也随之上升，钢支撑轴力是衡量基坑围护支撑体系稳定性的重要指标之一。钢支撑轴力可利用传感器进行监测，但传感器失效后，该监测点将无法准确监测支撑轴力数据。故此，为保证基坑围护钢支撑体系的稳定，以宁波市某地铁车站深基坑的钢支撑体系作为研究对象，通过两道钢支撑架设之间的轴力变化进行分析，对钢支撑轴力数据进行预测，并对钢支撑体系进行安全预警。首先，由于轴力监测传感器存在“浴盆曲线”特性，故所得原始监测数据具有贫信息、小样本的特点，在此特性基础上，对基坑钢支撑轴力数据进行检验与处理，使之符合灰色预测模型建立条件；其次，建立灰色预测模型，并对模型的精度进行计算和后验差检验；最后，以灰色预测模型所得数据为基础，结合钢支撑的变形特征和指标，建立置信区间估计法安全预警模型，取显著性水平α=5%、α=2% 作为分界点，对深基坑的钢支撑体系进行预警等级划分，并判断当前钢支撑体系的运行状态。结果表明∶灰色预测模型精度良好，同时得出钢支撑体系处于安全的运行区间，模型判定结果与该地铁车站深基坑的钢支撑体系的实际情况相符，证明这种预测及安全预警模型可以用于判断钢支撑体系的稳定性。     

Initial carbon release characteristics, mechanisms and denitrification performance of a novel slow release carbon source

External carbon source addition is one of the effective methods for the treatment of wastewater with low carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). Compared with fast-release liquid carbon sources, slow-release solid carbon sources are more suitable for the denitrification process. A novel slow-release solid carbon source (corncob-polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate- poly-caprolactone, i.e. CPSP) was prepared using corn cob (CC) and poly-caprolactone with polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate as hybrid scaffold. The physical properties and carbon release characteristics of CPSP and three other carbon sources were compared. CPSP had stable framework and good carbon release performance, which followed the second order release equation. The formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid released from CPSP accounted for 8.27% ± 1.66 %, 56.48% ± 3.71 %, 18.46% ± 2.69% and 16.79% ± 3.02% of the total released acids respectively. The start-up period of CPSP was shorter than that of the other carbon sources in denitrification experiment, and no COD pollution was observed in the start-up phase (25–72 h) and stable phase (73–240 hr). The composition and structure of the dissolved organic compounds released by CPSP and other carbon sources were analyzed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated that CPSP was more suitable for denitrification than the other studied carbon sources.

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Oxalic acid activated bone meal for immobilization of Pb and Cd contaminated soils

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Bone meal (BM) is a cost-effective and low-carbon material to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils. Moreover, its immobilization efficiency for...