Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

膜系统处理电镀废水实验研究

采用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水,研究在不同的进水条件与操作条件下,膜系统分离电镀废水中重金属离子及回收废水的效果;研究结果表明:膜系统去除二价及以上重金属离子非常有效,当系统的运行压力为0.65 MPa,进水pH在6～8,进水流量和回流比分别维持在1 m3/h与1.0左右,膜系统对Cr3+、Cu2+、Ni2+去除率分别可达99.3%、98.9%、98.6%;废水回收率达35%,运行成本仅为1.6元/t;运用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水可产生显著的经济与环境效益。     

混凝-接触氧化处理印染废水的试验研究

对混凝-生物接触氧化法处理印染废水进行研究。混凝部分试验研究了聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、氯化铁(FC)3种混凝剂对印染废水的处理效果。结果表明:PAC的处理效果最好,并确定了混凝的最佳pH值和投加量。在生物接触氧化试验部分,主要考察了水力停留时间和曝气量对COD去除率的影响,确定了最佳工艺参数。经试验,脱色率和COD去除率分别达95.68%和95.23%。     

己烯雌酚与四溴双酚A对小球藻生长效应的影响（Effects of Diethylstilbestrol and Tetrabromobisphenol A on Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa）

采用化学品对藻类毒性测试的标准试验方法,分别研究了己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A单组分对小球藻生长及光合色素含量的影响,并用相加指数法评价了己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A双组分对小球藻的联合毒性效应.结果表明,藻细胞密度和光合色素含量随己烯雌酚和四溴双酚A浓度增加而明显下降,且均表现出较好的浓度-效应关系,其对小球藻的96h-EC50值分别为0.0248mg·L-1和0.0455mg·L-1;两者对小球藻96h的联合毒性效应为拮抗作用.     

Evaluation of aquatic rehabilitation technologies for polluted urban rivers and the case study of the Foshan Channel

An index system for evaluation of technologies for urban river rehabilitation was proposed and discussed. The index system includes indicators of cost, resources, environmental improvement, and social effects. The calculation method for an objective value of each index based on its attributes and weights was presented. The Foshan Channel, which is a seriously polluted, black and malodorous urban river in Foshan City, China, was selected as a case study. The values of the attributes and the weights of the indices for the Foshan Channel were determined. The technologies for the rehabilitation of the Foshan Channel were evaluated based on this index system. Finally, a rehabilitation scheme for the Foshan Channel was proposed.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H 2 O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s⁻¹, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

六溴环十二烷暴露对红鳍笛鲷脑乙酰胆碱酯酶和组织氧化应激的影响及评价

六溴环十二烷(C_(12)H_(18)Br_6,简称HBCD)是近年来在环境中广受关注的优先污染物和高产量化学品。实验室条件下以红鳍笛鲷为研究对象,选取其脑组织非特异性生物标志物超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GST)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及特异性生物标志物乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,ACh E)为指标研究了不同浓度HBCD溶液(8.6μg·L~(-1)、43.0μg·L~(-1)和215μg·L~(-1))暴露96 h对红鳍笛鲷脑组织的氧化损伤和神经毒性效应,同时结合综合生物标志物响应指数(integrated biomarker responses index,IBR),对HBCD造成的胁迫水平和毒性效应进行评价。结果表明:HBCD对红鳍笛鲷脑组织中SOD活性和GST活性表现出不同程度的诱导效应,其中暴露初期SOD活性与HBCD浓度呈正相关,但随暴露时间延长与HBCD浓度呈负相关;HBCD对MDA含量和ACh E活性表现出诱导或抑制且存在剂量依赖性,低浓度组MDA含量表现为先抑制后诱导的过程,ACh E活性表现为先诱导后抑制;中浓度组MDA含量和ACh E均表现为抑制效应;高浓度组MDA含量表现为先诱导后抑制的过程,ACh E活性表现为先抑制后诱导。IBR分析结果表明4种生物标志物对HBCD胁迫的敏感性分别为SODGSTACh EMDA,且中、高浓度组的胁迫效应最明显。     

重庆市男性PAHs和PAEs暴露与男性精液质量的相关性分析

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)是三峡库区水中主要有机污染物。为探讨这2类化学物对三峡库区男性精液质量的影响,课题组于2007年在三峡库区6个区县进行了男性生殖健康的流行病学调查。调查中共收集到有效样本1 346例,对所有样本进行了精液常规检测,选取了冬季采样的232例标本进行了尿液中4种PAHs代谢产物和5种PAEs代谢产物含量的检测,并对这些样本的精子细胞凋亡(Annexin V/PI双标法)和精子脱氧核醣核酸(DNA)损伤(彗星电泳法)进行了检测。运用Spearman等级相关,多元线性回归和logisitic回归分析等方法分析了PAHs和PAEs代谢产物与精液常规指标、精子细胞凋亡、精子DNA损伤的相关关系。结果显示,1 346名三峡库区健康男性精液常规5项指标全部达到世界卫生组织(WHO)标准的比率仅为38.9%。PAHs代谢产物的含量与男性精液常规指标间未发现相关关系,但某些PAHs代谢产物水平与精子凋亡参数及精子DNA损伤指标有一定的关联性,随着尿中PAHs代谢产物浓度的增加,正常未发生凋亡的精子减少,精子DNA的损伤增加。未发现PAEs代谢产物与精液各项参数间的相关关系。本研究结果表明,在重庆市健康育龄男性中PAHs与PAEs的暴露与精液常规指标间没有明确的相关关系,但PAHs暴露与精子DNA损伤显著相关。为明确PAHs的暴露对精子DNA的损伤作用,有必要进行较大规模的队列研究以进行验证。     

虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin)诱导的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)体内P糖蛋白转运活性及其分布研究

大量研究表明P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)介导的多型异源物质抗性机制(multi-xentiobiotic resistance,MXR)在贝类耐受或抵抗污染水域中有毒有害物质的毒害中具有重要作用,但是该机制在贝类抵抗或耐受食源性毒素方面作用的研究却很少。本研究以栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)为实验动物,向其投喂产虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxins,YTXs)的网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum),通过检测栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺组织中YTX毒素含量随时间的变化情况,结合2种组织中P-gp介导的MXR活性变化及P-gp在组织中的表达和分布,探讨P-gp在扇贝耐受YTX毒素中可能的作用。研究结果表明,随着毒藻暴露时间的延长,栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺中YTX含量逐渐增加,且具有明显的时间依赖关系。YTX的大量累积虽未导致扇贝死亡,但是仍然对扇贝组织产生不同程度的毒性。苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色发现,染毒12 h后,栉孔扇贝鳃组织前端出现明显黑化,消化腺组织导管上皮细胞部分脱落入管腔中,腺管内细胞界限模糊,部分腺管崩解。罗丹明B(rhodamine B,Rho B)外排实验表明YTX毒素暴露能显著增强栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺组织中P-gp的转运活性,暴露12 h后鳃和消化腺Rho B的排出速率就已分别达到对照组的3.8倍和1.4倍,随着暴露时间的延长,P-gp活性略有增强,72 h后开始下降;P-gp的功能性抑制剂维拉帕米(verapamil,VRP)在实验设定的浓度下没有抑制反而增强了Rho B的外排;免疫定位显示,毒素暴露后栉孔扇贝鳃丝前端纤毛柱状细胞及消化腺导管上皮柱状细胞和腺管消化细胞P-gp免疫阳性信号增强,说明YTX毒素暴露提高了P-gp的表达量。综上推断,YTX毒素可能是P-gp的底物,它能够诱导P-gp转运活性增强,并增加P-gp的表达量来参与扇贝对YTX毒素的耐受或抗性;设定浓度的VRP不能抑制P-gp的活性,这可能是由于种属差异造成的,关于VRP对栉孔扇贝Pgp的作用还有待进一步的研究。     

悬浮物对褐牙鲆抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为探究褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼抗氧化系统酶活力及相关基因表达在悬浮物胁迫下的变化情况,设计了浓度为5 000、10 000 mg·L-1悬浮物水体对褐牙鲆(14.53 cm±1.58 cm)肌肉、肝脏、鳃及血液总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶活力及SOD2、GST、CAT的mRNA转录水平表达变化情况。结果显示:在悬浮物胁迫24 h或者48 h时,4种组织3种酶活力具有升高的趋势(P0.05);4种组织的T-SOD酶活力在96 h均高于对照组(P0.05),肌肉、鳃丝及血液中SOD2基因相对表达量96 h实验组低于对照组(P0.05);肌肉中CAT酶活力呈现先升高再降低趋势,鳃中CAT基因相对表达量呈现先降低、再升高、再降低的趋势;肝脏、鳃、血液中GST酶活力在悬浮物胁迫下呈现升高趋势,4种组织GST基因相对表达量在12~24 h时呈现升高趋势。研究表明:悬浮物对褐牙鲆抗氧化酶活力及相关基因的表达具有一定的影响,血液中3种酶活力变化幅度最大,鳃中3种基因相对表达水平变化幅度最大,这与血液及鳃参与呼吸作用过程有关;抗氧化酶活性及基因相对表达变化趋势并不完全一致。本研究可为揭示褐牙鲆应对悬浮物胁迫的耐受机制及褐牙鲆耐悬浮物品种选育提供基础数据。