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121.
122.
Anna L. K. Nilsson Jan-Åke Nilsson Thomas Alerstam Johan Bäckman 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(11):981-985
Individuals differ consistently in their behavioural reactions towards novel objects and new situations. Reaction to novelty is one part of a suit of individually consistent behaviours called coping strategies or personalities and is often summarised as bold or shy behaviour. Coping strategies could be particularly important for migrating birds exposed to novel environments on their journeys. We compared the average approach latencies to a novel object among migrants and residents in partially migratory blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. In this test, we found migrating blue tits to have shorter approach latencies than had resident ones. Behavioural reactions to novelty can affect the readiness to migrate and short approach latency may have an adaptive value during migration. Individual behaviour towards novelty might be incorporated among the factors associated with migratory or resident behaviour in a partially migratory population. 相似文献
123.
Direct Perturbation Analysis for Better Conservation 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
124.
Johan De Tavernier 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(4):383-388
125.
Anna Christiansson Johan Eriksson Daniel Teclechiel Åke Bergman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):312-321
Background, aim, and scope Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is used as an additive flame retardant in polymers. It has become a ubiquitous environmental
contaminant, particularly abundant in abiotic media, such as sediments, air, and dust, and also present in wildlife and in
humans. The main DecaBDE constituent, perbrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), is susceptible to transformations as observed
in experimental work. This work is aimed at identifying and assessing the relative amounts of products formed after UV irradiation
of BDE-209.
Materials and methods BDE-209, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, or combinations of methanol/water, was exposed to UV light for 100
or 200 min. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron ionization) for polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), methoxylated PBDEs, and phenolic PBDE products.
Results The products formed were hexaBDEs to nonaBDEs, monoBDFs to pentaBDFs, and methoxylated tetraBDFs to pentaBDFs. The products
found in the fraction containing halogenated phenols were assigned to be pentabromophenol, dihydroxytetrabromobenzene, dihydroxydibromodibenzofuran,
dihydroxytribromodibenzofuran, and dihydroxytetrabromodibenzofuran. The PBDEs accounted for approximately 90% of the total
amount of substances in each sample and the PBDFs for about 10%.
Discussion BDE-209 is a source of PBDEs primarily present in OctaBDEs but also to some extent in PentaBDEs, both being commercial products
now banned within the EU and in several states within the USA. It is notable that OH-PBDFs have not been identified or indicated
in any of the photolysis studies performed to date. Formation of OH-PBDFs, however, may occur as pure radical reactions in
the atmosphere.
Conclusions Photolysis of decaBDE yields a wide span of products, from nonaBDEs to hydroxylated bromobenzenes. It is evident that irradiation
of decaBDE in water and methanol yields OH-PBDFs and MeO-PBDFs, respectively. BDE-202 (2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octabromodiphenyl
ether) is identified as a marker of BDE-209 photolysis.
Recommendations and perspectives BDE-209, the main constituent of DecaBDE, is primarily forming debrominated diphenyl ethers with higher persistence which
are more bioaccumulative than the starting material when subjected to UV light. Hence, DecaBDE should be considered as a source
of these PBDE congeners in the environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
126.
For matrix population models, analyses of how sensitive the population growth rate is to changes in vital rates (i.e. perturbations) are important for studies of life history evolution as well as for management and conservation of threatened species. There are two types of sensitivity analyses corresponding to absolute (sensitivity) or relative (elasticity) changes in the vital rates and both types can be applied to both deterministic and stochastic matrix population models. To date, most empirical studies of elasticity and sensitivity of the stochastic growth rate have examined the response to perturbations in the vital rates in a complete set of possible environments. However, it is often of interest to examine the response to perturbations occurring in only a subset of the possible environments. This has been done for periodic time-varying models elsewhere, but here we describe a recently published method for calculating the environment-specific sensitivity and elasticity of the stochastic growth rate and apply this method to data. These environment-specific perturbation analyses provide a logical way of dividing the sensitivity and elasticity among the environments. They give important insight into the selection regime in different environments and can provide valuable information for making management decisions and management evaluations in stochastic environments. 相似文献
127.
128.
Johan Eriksson Ulf Skyllberg 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3010-3015
Aniline and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) were equilibrated with particulate (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from an organic soil at different compositions of adsorbed major cations (Na, Al) and pH (aniline: 3.7–5.1, TNT: 4.8–5.0). After separation of POM, concentrations of 14C-labelled aniline and TNT* (including TNT degradation products) were determined in DOM size fractions using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV-detection. Concentrations in the <3.5 kDa size fraction were 2.8–6.0 and 8.5–9.5 times higher for aniline and TNT*, respectively, as compared to the >40 kDa fraction. Thus, both aniline and TNT* were preferentially associated to the smallest DOM size fraction. The significant binding to DOM (similar extent as to POM) and the fact that the <3.5 kDa DOM fraction was less susceptible to flocculation by major metals suggests that the mobility of aniline and TNT is highly affected by the solubility of soil organic matter. 相似文献
129.
Repeated fertilization of forests to increase biomass production is an environmentally controversial proposal, the effects
of which we assessed on breeding birds in stands of young Norway spruce (Picea abies), in an intensively managed forest area in southern Sweden. Our results show that fertilized stands had 38% more species
and 21% more individuals than unfertilized stands. Compared with stands under traditional management, the further intensification
of forestry by repeated applications of fertilizers thus seemed to enhance species richness and abundance of forest birds.
We cannot conclude at this stage whether the response in the bird community was caused by changes in food resources or increased
structural complexity in the forest canopy due to the skid roads used for the application of the fertilizers. Future studies
should focus on structural and compositional effects of fertilization processes during the entire rotation period and at assessing
its effects in a landscape context. 相似文献
130.
Matthieu Guillemain Johan Elmberg Michel Gauthier-Clerc Grégoire Massez Richard Hearn Jocelyn Champagnon Géraldine Simon 《Ambio》2010,39(2):170-180
Animal populations are exposed to large-scale anthropogenic impact from e.g. climate change, habitat alteration and supplemental
stocking. All of these may affect body condition in wintering dabbling ducks, which in turn may affect an individual’s survival
and reproductive success. The aim of this study was to assess whether there have been morphometric changes in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Teal (Anas crecca) over the last 30 years at a major wintering site. Body mass and condition increased from the 1950s–1960s to the 2000s in
both species. The increase in body mass amounted to as much as 11.7%, with no corresponding change in body size. Improved
body condition was maintained from early to mid-winter, but then converged with historical values for late winter. Our interpretation
is that increasingly benign ambient winter conditions permit ducks to maintain better energetic “safety margins” throughout
winter, and that converging spring departure values may be related to evolutionary flight energetic optima. The observed changes
are consistent with large-scale climate amelioration and local/regional habitat improvement (both anthropogenic). 相似文献