淮河流域一次致洪大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用淮河流域内稠密的区域自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达组网资料、风云二号卫星双星观测资料及LAPS中尺度分析资料,对2007年7月8日淮河流域大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行了综合分析,得出了一些有意义的结果.(1)这次降雨过程集中在淮河干流,呈现出强降水区稳定少动,高雨强出现频度大的特点,时空分布有利于形成大洪水,是一次典型的致洪大暴雨过程.(2)暴雨区与中低层的中尺度辐合扰动的形成、发展与移动密切相关,同时伴随着中尺度云团、雨团的强烈发展.中尺度雨带具有准静止性,且强度很强,这是此次暴雨过程的一个突出特点.(3)强降雨主要是在α尺度云带上不断生消发展的β中尺度云团,甚至更小的y中尺度云团的生消合并造成的.它们大多生消于32～34°N、114～118°E范围内,β中尺度对流云团的生消、演变和移动与中β尺度雨团的强度和位置有较好的对应关系,强降水发生在中尺度对流云团合并发展和增强阶段.(4)暴雨区具有低层辐合高层辐散、高湿、正涡度和强烈上升运动的特征,它们加强中低层的动力抬升,促使斜压不稳定能量释放,引起垂直涡度的发展,产生很强的降水.强降雨发生时,对流层中层的比湿快速加大,而云中液态水则表现为骤然减小.     

Regional differences and sources of organochlorine pesticides in soils surrounding chemical industrial parks

Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) were investigated in 105 soil samples collected in vicinity of the chemical industrial parks in Tianjin, China. OCP concentrations significantly varied in the study area, high HCH and DDT levels were found close to the chemical industrial parks. The intensity of agricultural activity and distance from the potential OCP emitters have important influences on the OCP residue distributions. Principal component analysis indicates that HCH pollution is a mix of historical technical HCH and current lindane pollution and DDT pollution input is only due to technical DDT sources. The significant correlations of OCP compounds reveal that HCHs, DDTs and HCB could have some similar sources of origin.     

摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水试验研究

试验采用摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水，研究结果表明，摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺对污染物去除效果良好，在BOD₅容积负荷为1.5 kg/(m³·d)，HRT=5.9～4.7 h，硝化液回流比为1.0的条件下，系统进水中COD、TN和NH⁺₄-N的平均值分别为543.1、72.1和63.6 mg/L时，去除率分别达到93.6%、72.7%和98.9%，出水平均浓度值分别为34.1、19.5和0.7 mg/L，达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级标准。试验期间MLSS最高可达到17 425 mg/L，同时保持SVI在50～70 mL/g的低范围内，污泥沉降性能良好。通过显微镜观察，反应器中生物种类多样，从而保证了摇动床系统极低的污泥产率(MLSS/CODremoval为0.1891)，实现了污泥减量。     

深井冰冷冻系统

深井降温是深部矿产资源开采过程中的主要技术问题之一 ,讨论一种深井降温的新技术及方法冰冷冻系统     

Black Disease (Terpios hoshinota): A Probable Cause for the Rapid Coral Mortality at the Northern Reef of Yongxing Island in the South China Sea

The northern reef of Yongxing Island, the largest reef island of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, was in good condition with significant cover of scleractinian corals until 2002. Surveys in 2008 and 2010, however, found that coral coverage had declined rapidly and severely, implying that catastrophic coral mortality occurred during the past 8 years. A blackish mat was observed covering live and dead corals in both 2008 and 2010 that was identified as an encrusting sponge, Terpios hoshinota, by special surface morphology and spicule structure. In addition, spicule residues were found on the surface of long-dead corals, indicating a previous invasion of T. hosinota. T. hoshinota is referred to as the "black disease" because it rapidly overgrows and kills corals. Our evidence indicates that outbreaks of black disease are at least partially responsible for the massive coral mortality at the northern reef of Yongxing Island over the past 8 years, although human activities and heat-related coral bleaching cannot be discounted as minor causes for this coral decline.     

Chronic exposure to contaminated drinking water stimulates PPAR expression in mice livers

Mice were fed with source water (SW) and tap water (TW) for 90 d to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by the drinking water. Histopathologic observation showed no obvious damage to hepatic tissue in the SW and TW groups. However, microarray analysis indicated that the SW and TW exposures affected many metabolic pathways, among which PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) signaling was most susceptible. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared to control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that PPAR-α expression level was increased from 23.37±0.53 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 26.60±1.43 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 27.68±1.10 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). For PPAR-γ, the expression level was also significantly enhanced from 0.83±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 1.11±0.20 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 1.16±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). The SW and DW posed no obvious hepatotoxicity on mice and PPAR-α/-γ could be used as a novel biomarker to assess public health risk induced by slightly contaminated drinking water.     

An approach to analyzing spatial patterns of protozoan communities for assessing water quality in the Hangzhou section of Jing-Hang Grand Canal in China

Introduction  

In order to evaluate water quality of a canal system, the spatial pattern of protozoan communities in response to physicochemical variables was studied in the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal, northern China during a 1-year cycle (February 2008–January 2009).     

Conditioning of sewage sludge by Fenton's reagent combined with skeleton builders

Physical conditioners, often known as skeleton builders, are commonly used to improve the dewaterability of sewage sludge. This study evaluated a novel joint usage of Fenton’s reagent and skeleton builders, referred to as the F-S inorganic composite conditioner, focusing on their efficacies and the optimization of the major operational parameters. The results demonstrate that the F-S composite conditioner for conditioning sewage sludge is a viable alternative to conventional organic polymers, especially when ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime are used as the skeleton builders. Experimental investigations confirmed that Fenton reaction required sufficient time (80 min in this study) to degrade organics in the sludge. The optimal condition of this process was at pH = 5, Fe²⁺ = 40 mg g⁻¹ (dry solids), H₂O₂ = 32 mg g⁻¹, OPC = 300 mg g⁻¹ and lime = 400 mg g⁻¹, in which the specific resistance to filtration reduction efficiency of 95% was achieved.     

纤维素高效降解菌NU-H的诱变选育及降解特性

以草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)D1为出发菌株,经过紫外线、亚硝酸以及紫外与亚硝酸复合诱变处理,选育出1株高产纤维素酶突变株NU-H,与出发菌株相比,CMCase酶活提高69.8%,滤纸酶活提高75.28%,另外木聚糖酶活,还原糖得率也有显著地提高。通过单因子及正交实验,研究了突变株纤维素酶对稻草粉水解的最适宜条件。结果表明,该菌株酶解糖化的最佳条件为:温度50℃,时间28 h,纤维素酶浓度为60%,底物浓度3%,pH 4.8,还原糖得率为23.25%。