Degradation of carbofuran in water by solar photocatalysis in presence of photosensitizers

The effect of the presence of photosensitizers, methylene blue (MB) and rose Bengal (RB), on the degradation of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) in water in a solar photocatalytic system was investigated. It was found that as compared to MB, RB generally showed a stronger effect on the decomposition of carbofuran under comparable conditions. Among the conditions studied, adding 2 x 10(-6) M of RB, that corresponding to 2% of the initial concentration of carbofuran solution in the system, rendered the most effective degradation of carbofuran. As a result, a carbofuran removal percentage of 69.9%, a mineralization efficiency of 28.0%, and a microtoxicity reduction of 65.0% could be achieved. The degradation and mineralization of carbofuran was found to follow the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decomposition mechanism of carbofuran was further investigated through identification of the intermediates to elaborate the influence of dye photosensitizer on the solar photocatalysis of carbofuran in water. On the basis of the intermediates identified, including carbofuran phenol, 3-hydroxy carbofuran phenol, and substituted alcohols (3-phenoxy 1-propanol, 2-ethyl 1-hexanol, 2-butoxyl ethanol), it appears that hydrolysis and hydroxylation were the two key mechanisms for decomposing carbofuran during the process of solar photocatalysis with the aid of dye photosensitizer.     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.     

Factors affecting the concentrations of PM10 in central Taiwan

In this study, the synoptic weather types that have high probability and low probability of producing PM10 episode are referred to as HPE and LPE, respectively. Multiple linear regressions analysis showed that NO2 was the most important contributor (35.61%) to the concentrations of PM10 for HPE weather. For LPE weather, the season factor had the greatest contribution (48.11%) to the concentrations of PM10. Using the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of PM10 and SO2 or NO2 on HPE and LPE to calculate the increase of PM10 from LPE to HPE, we found that the increase of PM10 owing to the increase of SO2 and NO2 from LPE to HPE was 12.93microg/m3 which was about 51% of the total amount of PM10 increased from LPE to HPE. Results of factor analysis showed that the first component could be attributed to the result of local pollution especially for the weather patterns of types P3 and P6, while the secondary component for the weather patterns of types P1 and P4 can be attributed to the long-range transport of SO2 pollutants from China.     

Modified grey model for estimating traffic tunnel air quality

This study compared three forecasting models based on the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of their accuracy in forecasting air pollution in a traffic tunnel: the Grey model (GM), the combination model used four sample point and five sample point prediction with GM (1,1)(GM(1,1)^4 + 5), and the modified grey model (MGM). An MGM was combined using the four points of the original sequence using the original grey prediction GM (1,1) for short-term forecasting. The proposed method cannot only enhance the prediction accuracy of the original grey model, but can also solve the jump data forecasting problem something for which the original grey model is inappropriate. The MAPE was applied to the models, and the MGM found the proposed method to be simple and efficient. The MAPE of MGM, calculated over 3 h of forecasts, were as follows: 10.12 (Upwind), 10.07 (Middle) and 7.68 (Downwind) for CO; 10.79 (Upwind), 6.05 (Middle) and 5.98 (Downwind) for NO _x , and 11.67 (Upwind), 7.32 (Middle) and 4.56 (Downwind) for NMHC. The MGM model results reveal that the combined forecasts can significantly decrease the overall forecasting error. Results of this demonstrate that MGM can accurately forecast air pollution in the Kaohsiung Chung–Cheng Tunnel.     

Estimating Air Quality in a Traffic Tunnel Using a Forecasting Combination Model

This study performs a field analysis of the diffusion collection rate coefficients of radial geometry passive samplers to measure NO₂ in a Mediterranean coastal area. The study shows that the collection rate coefficients are not constant and depend on certain environmental parameters as well as on the levels of some co-pollutants. A mathematical model, which explains the variation of the collection rate coefficient, has been established.     

长江源区草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响

选择长江源区的格尔木市唐古拉山镇作为研究区，通过野外实地采样与室内测试分析相结合，在分析草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下土壤持水能力特征的基础上，探讨了草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响。结果表明：（1）在相同草地植被退化阶段，毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随土层深度变化的特征基本一致；在相同土层深度上，毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随草地植被退化的特征也大体相同。（2）在相同草地植被退化阶段，土壤持水量总体上随土层深度增加而减少，特别是在未退化阶段，10~20 cm土层的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比0~10 cm土层分别减少了12.38%、33.73%和7.64%。（3）在相同土层深度上，土壤持水量总体上随草地植被退化而减少，特别是在0~10 cm土层，轻度退化阶段的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比未退化阶段分别减少了41.52%、59.95%和27.03%。（4）土壤持水量与土壤容重、总碳、有机质和总氮显著相关，它在草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下的变化可能与地表覆被状况、植物根系数量和分布特征所引起的土壤容重、有机质等变化有关。研究可深化对草地植被退化与土壤持水能力相互关系的理解和认识，并为长江源区生态环境和水资源状况研究提供参考依据。 关键词： 土壤持水能力；草地植被退化；长江源区；影响     

一、二次风配比对75t/h循环流化床的影响

本文利用FLUENT模拟软件对75t/h循环流化床进行数值模拟,研究了一、二次风配比(5∶5、5.5∶4.5和6∶4)对炉内温度场、速度场和CO2分布的影响,发现一、二次风配比为5.5∶4.5时,循环流化床运行较优,炉内温度场较均匀,且基本能达到规定运行温度,速度分布均匀,炉内烟气流速较高,出口烟气速度分别比1、3#工况要高33.42％和13.70％,炉内CO2分布较优,旋风分离器具有很高的工作效率.     

基于群决策和层次分析法的长江中游地区农村污水处理技术评价及优选

长江流域农村污水治理是实现长江大保护的重要环节,但现有处理技术存在工艺多样、难以选择和缺少评价等问题.因此,调研收集了长江中游地区农村污水处理工程案例资料,分析了不同收集方式和排放标准下各处理技术的应用情况,构建了农村污水处理技术评价指标体系,并基于群决策和层次分析法对各处理技术进行了分类评价.结果表明,长江中游地区农村污水的收集方式以单村或小规模联村收集为主,处理规模主要集中在200 m³·d^-1以下,处理技术以厌氧+生态工艺应用最多(28.05%),一体化设备的应用也较为广泛(22.47%).评价指标体系准则层中技术性能权重最大(0.503 9),其次分别为经济效益(0.247 4)、运行管理(0.155 9)和环境影响(0.092 8),指标层中TP去除率、吨水运行成本、氨氮去除率和维护管理难易的权重较高.评价和优选结果表明,强化生态及厌氧+生态处理技术适于在长江中游农村地区推广和应用.研究结果可为长江中游地区农村污水处理技术的评估选择提供科学依据和参考.     

华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估

利用1998~2012年卫星反演的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))全球高精度产品数据集,精细化地给出了华东地区PM_(2.5)时空分布与变化特征,并分析了此背景下浙江省PM_(2.5)的人口经济暴露水平.结果表明1998~2012年期间,浙江省区域平均PM_(2.5)浓度整体变化呈现出先增加、后下降的特征,拐点出现在2007~2009年前后,与华东区域大背景的变化趋势一致.1998~2000年华东南部与山东东部的年平均PM_(2.5)浓度基本保持在50μg·m~(-3)以下,其余地区大多在50~75μg·m~(-3)左右,华东地区和浙江省PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到51.8%和21.1%.1998~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度上升趋势非常明显,华东地区的平均变化趋势为2.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),浙江省的上升趋势较华东区域慢,为1.43μg·(m~3·a)~(-1).2007~2009年PM_(2.5)浓度达到最大,华东和浙江省超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区分别占到82.1%和65.9%.此后PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出下降的变化趋势,华东地区和浙江省的平均变化趋势分别为-1.75μg·(m~3·a)~(-1)和-1.58μg·(m~3·a)~(-1),PM_(2.5)浓度超过35μg·m~(-3)的地区比例均有所下降,说明政府颁布的一系列节能减排方针政策可能对华东地区的空气质量改善起到了一定的成效.2010年浙江地区PM_(2.5)暴露水平超过35μg·m~(-3)的人口比例和GDP比例分别为74.0%和70.8%,其中38.1%的人口生活的环境和38.9%的GDP产生的环境PM_(2.5)浓度年平均值在50μg·m~(-3)以上.     

两种水体铜配合容量测试方法的适用性比较及应用

配合(络合)容量是影响重金属在水体中环境行为的重要指标.为比较两种测量方法测量值的差异及人为污染物对配合容量的影响,以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和安赛蜜分别作为强、弱配体,对水体铜配合容量(Cu CC)的双硫腙萃取动力学测试法(萃取法)和离子选择电极测试法(电极法)进行验证和比较.研究发现,萃取法更适合用于测定水体中强配体对Cu CC的贡献,而电极法的测试结果与水溶液中强、弱配体的存在均有关联.两种方法对实际水体的测定结果显示,电极法对水库、排污河等地表水体Cu CC的测定值(86.9~227.0μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(9.9~14.6μmol·L~(-1))高约1个数量级,而对于垃圾渗沥液,电极法的测定值(6 998.4~31 005.8μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(89.6~109.1μmol·L~(-1))高2个数量级.结果表明,污染受纳水体重金属络合容量的升高主要是由弱配体化合物增加导致,且弱配体的含量与水体氨氮和有机氮的总和具有显著的相关性(R=0.975,P0.01).