浅议起重机械接地电阻的检测

近年来,随着起重机械在电气系统上的长足发展,起重机械电气系统的复杂化给予检验检测人员带来较多困惑,同时起重机械由于漏电而造成的安全事故也时有发生,此类事故又多与接地系统缺失或不完备有关。在起重机械电气系统中,最为基础,同时也是最为重要的部分是起重机械的接地系统,接地系统的安全设置,可以避免因为漏电所连成的操作人员触电事故。本文对起重机械接地系统进行完整分析,并对检验人员现场检验起重机械接地系统给出相关建议。     

辐射型集装箱检查系统环境影响研究

文章以秭归某TC-SCAN集装箱检查系统为研究对象,通过现场调研和监测,根据《集装箱检查系统放射卫生防护标准》(GBZ143-2002)和《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB18871-2002)的有关规定,对该项目投产运行后的辐射环境进行监测评价,得出研究结论,并对该类核技术应用项目的辐射环境管理工作提出建议。     

对于应急管理的几个认识阶段

应急管理古已有之. 　　从上古传说中,我们就可以看到有天裂而人类始祖女娲补天之说,这就是反应了人类对于风险的原始应对策略,也就是希望有具备强大超人力量的神仙来实施对于突发事件的应急管理.……     

2006年我国煤矿特大事故的统计分析

本文对2006年我国煤矿特大事故进行分月统计,从各月事故发生的次数、死亡人数、相对于2005年的事故变化情况、引起事故发生原因等进行分析,得出:我国2006年的煤矿特大事故中,瓦斯事故仍是最主要引发因素,瓦斯爆炸为最主要事故类型,同时,在对原因进行分析后提出了相应措施.     

资源型城市生态足迹分析

生态足迹方法作为一种度量可持续发展程度的生物物理评价方法，被广泛应用于全球、国家、地区、城市、旅游业甚至家庭消费等各个层面。文中以资源型城市河南省鹤壁市为例，从生物资源账户、能源账户和资源输出账户三部分构建生态足迹框架，突出强调资源开采对城市可持续发展的影响。计算结果表明，2002年鹤壁市生态足迹6．9279hm^2／人，生态承载力0．3781hm^2／人，生态赤字达6．5498hm^2／人，远远超过中国平均生态赤字1．2469hm^2从，说明鹤壁市处于一种不可持续的发展状态。     

Commentary: Status of road safety in Asia

Objectives: The objective of this article is to assess the status of road safety in Asia and present accident and injury prevention strategies based on global road safety improvement experiences and discuss the way forward by indicating opportunities and countermeasures that could be implemented to achieve a new level of safety in Asia.

Methods: This study provides a review and analyses of data in the literature, including from the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, and a review of lessons learned from best practices in high-income countries. In addition, an estimation of costs due to road transport injuries in Asia and review of future trends in road transport is provided.

Results: Data on the global and Asian road safety problem and status of prevention strategies in Asia as well as recommendations for future actions are discussed. The total number of deaths due to road accidents in the 24 Asian countries, encompassing 56% of the total world population, is 750,000 per year (statistics 2010). The total number of injuries is more than 50 million, of which 12% are hospital admissions. The loss to the economy in the 24 Asian countries is estimated to around US$800 billion or 3.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP).

Conclusions: This article clearly shows that road safety is causing large problems and high costs in Asia, with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy, and productivity. In many Asian low- and middle-income countries, the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is increasing. Vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists combined) are particularly at risk. Road safety in Asia should be given rightful attention, including taking powerful, effective actions. This review stresses the need for reliable accident data, because there is considerable underreporting in the official statistics. Reliable accident data are imperative to determine evidence-based intervention strategies and monitor the success of these interventions and analyses. On the other hand, lack of good high-quality accident data should not be an excuse to postpone interventions. There are many opportunities for evidence-based transport safety improvements, including measures concerning the 5 key risk factors: speed, drunk driving, not wearing motorcycle helmets, not wearing seat belts, and not using child restraints in cars, as specified in the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020. In this commentary, a number of additional measures are proposed that are not covered in the Decade of Action Plan. These new measures include separate roads or lanes for pedestrians and cyclists; helmet wearing for e-bike riders; special attention to elderly persons in public transportation; introduction of emerging collision avoidance technologies, in particular automatic emergency braking (AEB) and alcohol locks; improved truck safety focusing on the other road user (including blind spot detection technology; underride protection at the front, rear, and side; and energy-absorbing fronts); and improvements in motorcycle safety concerning protective clothing, requirements for advanced braking systems, improved visibility of motorcycles by using daytime running lights, and better guardrails.     

How multilateral financial institutions promote sustainable water infrastructure planning through economic appraisal: case studies from coastal cities of China

Sustainable urban water infrastructure planning is vital for all cities in developing countries, where rapid urbanization has exacerbated the increasingly burdened environment. Water sustainability is a prerequisite for economic growth, social equity, and living quality in urban areas. This paper documents the current challenges and summarizes the solutions adopted in water infrastructure planning and management. Then, case studies of how multilateral financial institutions have promoted sustainable water infrastructure planning through economic appraisal and the novel approaches adopted for sustainable water infrastructure planning and asset management, are presented for the three cities of Jiaozhou, Cixi, and Fangchenggang. Conclusions are made based on the comparison and analysis of the experiences drawn from the case studies of how economic analysis could help promote sustainable water infrastructure planning and management. It is illustrated that economic analysis that considers ecosystem services supply should be employed more in water infrastructure planning, operation, and management in China.     

水质富营养化程度的人工神经网络决策模型

为了对水质富营养化程度进行综合评价,提出水质富营养化决策的人工神经网络模型,用此模型研究我国17个湖泊的富营养化状况,通过期望输出值的选取和对未知水体的评价原则充分体现了水质富营养化各等级之间的模糊性,正确地反映了水质富营养化作用的内部机理。     

The effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) in reducing real life crashes and injuries

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) was introduced on the mass market in 1998. Since then, several studies showing the positive effects of ESC have been presented. OBJECTIVE: In this study, data from crashes occurring in Sweden during 1998 to 2004 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of ESC on real life crashes. The effectiveness was analyzed for different road conditions, and some accident types and injury levels. METHODS: The study used statistical analysis. To control for exposure, induced exposure methods were used, where ESC-sensitive to ESC-insensitive crashes and road conditions were matched in relation to cars equipped with and without ESC. Cars of similar or, in some cases, identical make and model were used to isolate the role of ESC. RESULTS: The study shows a positive and consistent effect of ESC overall and in circumstances where the road has low friction. The overall effectiveness on all injury crash types, except rear end crashes, was 16.7 +/- 9.3%, while for serious and fatal crashes; the effectiveness was 21.6 +/- 12.8%. The corresponding estimates for crashes with injured car occupants were 23.0 +/- 9.2% and 26.9 +/- 13.9%.For serious and fatal loss-of-control type crashes on wet roads the effectiveness was 56.2 +/- 23.5% and for roads covered with ice or snow the effectiveness was 49.2 +/- 30.2%. It was estimated that for Sweden, with a total of 500 vehicle related deaths annually, that 80-100 fatalities could be saved annually if all cars had ESC.CONCLUSIONS: ESC was found to reduce crashes with personal injuries, especially serious and fatal injuries. The effectiveness ranged from at least 13% for car occupants in all types of crashes with serious or fatal outcome to a minimum of 35% effectiveness for single/oncoming/overtaking serious and fatal crashes on wet or icy road surface. No difference in deformation pattern was found for cars with or without ESC.     

城市复合生态系统能值整合分析研究方法论

系统阐述了城市复合生态系统能值分析的基本概念原理与方法步骤,总结了城市可持续发展综合能值评价指标体系。在此基础上,从能值转换率的积累和统一、多尺度研究的整合与尺度推绎、城市功能流分析与空间结构分析的整合、能值成本价值论与使用(市场)价值论的整合等方面,讨论了能值研究方法在城市生态系统研究中的应用前景和发展方向。