浅析茶油加工企业环境污染防治对策

阐述了茶油加工工艺及生产流程,分析了茶油生产过程中的废水污染源、废气污染源、固废污染源和噪声污染源,结合国外内茶油生产加工和环保实践,针对性地提出了废水、废气、固废、噪声污染防治和资源化对策,分析了环境风险可信事故,并提出了环境风险防范措施,探讨了清洁生产合理化建议,为茶油生产企业的环境影响评价、工程治理和日常环境监管提供了依据。     

基于区间数排序的水环境质量评价方法研究

目的：地表水水质随季节性变化较大,为了更准确地评价某地区全年地表水环境质量,尝试将不确定多属性决策方法中的区间数排序法用于水质评价。方法：将地表水环境质量标准值与不同时期的水质监测数据分别定义为区间数,利用区间数比较的可能度公式,得出两者可能度关系并进行排序。排序结果显示,浑河东陵大桥处2006年水质劣于地表水V类标准值的可能度为0．531,即2006年浑河东陵大桥处水质为劣V类。结论：基于区间数排序的地表水环境质量评价方法考虑了全年不同时期的水质变化情况,与模糊综合评判法得出的结果基本一致,可比较准确地评价某地区全年水质状况。     

Exploring uncertainty of the change from ICD-9 to ICD-10 on acute mortality effects of air pollution

The change in ICD coding from ICD-9 to ICD-10 may produce inconsistencies and discontinuities in cause-specific mortality, thus impacting on effects estimates of air pollution on mortality. The current study was conducted in Wuhan, China. We examined the concordant rates and Kappa statistics using the mortality data from the year 2002 coded with both ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes and compared the estimated effects of air pollution using the Generalized Additive Model in R. We found high concordant rates (>99.3%) and Kappa statistics close to 1.0 (>0.98). Little difference was identified in the estimated effects of air pollution on daily cardiovascular, stroke, cardiac, cardiopulmonary, and respiratory mortality. This study provides evidence that, based on the wide definitions of cause-specific morality typically used in the studies of time-series air pollution mortality, the change in the ICD coding does not significantly affect the estimated effects of air pollution.     

Calcium protects roots of Sedum alfredii H. against cadmium-induced oxidative stress

Sedum alfredii is a well-known Cd (cadmium) hyperaccumulator native to China. The impacts of exogenous Ca on Cd-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in roots of S. alfredii were investigated by using cellular and biochemical approaches. Supplementation of the medium with higher Ca levels resulted in alleviated growth inhibition and decreased Cd concentration, as well as increased Ca concentration in roots. Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation and loss of plasma membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species overproduction, as well as ultrastructural changes of root cells were largely reversed by Ca supplementation in the medium. Calcium application significantly altered the Cd effects on antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme antioxidants (non-protein thiols), and significantly increased glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The results suggest that Ca is able to protect the roots of S. alfredii against Cd toxicity by restoration of Cd-displaced Ca, alleviation of the metal induced oxidative stress, as well as promotion of GSH biosynthesis.     

某人工湖成库初期水环境特征研究

通过对某新建人工湖水温、DO、SD、pH、TN、TP、CODMn、Chla、藻类和水动力条件10项环境因素的特征、趋势分析,研究人工湖成库初期水环境特征。实验结果表明,成库初期,TN、TP等营养盐处于累积高峰期,通过计算N/P比和相关性分析,磷为藻类生长时期的限制性因子;人工湖基本处于准静止状态(流速小于0.1 m/s),为藻类生长提供有利条件;人工湖藻类种类和密度随时间而变动,出现高峰值,在调查阶段主要藻种为蓝、绿藻;叶绿素a含量一直处于较高水平,并分别与TP、SD、pH、DO之间存在显著的相关性。     

Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China

Fifty fish samples were collected from the Pearl River estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay, South China and were analyzed for DDTs, HCHs, chlordanes and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Except the high concentrations of DDT observed in fishes, the concentrations of HCHs, chlordanes and PBDEs were low when compared to other regions. BDE-47 was the predominant PBDE congener and the BDE-209 concentrations were relatively low, despite its high concentration in surface sediments. The absence of significant increase of DDT, HCH, chlordane and PBDE concentrations towards higher delta15N values, as well as the lack of a significant correlation (p<0.1) between log concentrations (lipid normalized) and delta15N, may indicate a weak biomagnification of these chemicals in the food webs. Good agreement was observed between their concentrations and lipid contents of the organisms. Bioconcentration was suggested to be responsible for the accumulation of OCPs and PBDEs in the lower trophic organisms in the studied subtropical waters.     

纳米银与银离子对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为研究纳米银和银离子对土壤微生物的影响,采用土壤培养方式,对不同剂量纳米银(10、50、100 mg·kg~(-1))和银离子(1、5、10 mg·kg~(-1))暴露下黄褐土、砖红壤中可培养微生物数量及土壤酶活性(脲酶、荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶)进行研究,并采用纯培养方法对纳米银和银离子暴露下的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)凋亡情况进行检测,对纳米银释放的银离子毒性进行评估。结果表明,随着纳米银剂量的增加,土壤可培养微生物数量显著减少,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,蔗糖酶、荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶(FDA酶)活性没有显著变化;银离子处理中微生物数量明显减少,但土壤酶活性被激活。10 mg·L~(-1)纳米银暴露1 h后大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌凋亡率、死亡率增高;随着培养时间的延长,纳米银缓慢释放银离子,并促进大肠杆菌的凋亡。综上分析,纳米银能够抑制土壤可培养微生物生长和酶活性,其中脲酶、过氧化氢酶对纳米银较为敏感,蔗糖酶、FDA酶受纳米银的影响较小;纳米银的毒性一方面是其本身的特异抗菌性,也有部分来自缓慢释放的银离子。     

微生物混合堆制法处理油污土壤的净化效果

堆制处理工艺是处理油污土壤的一种强化的生物处理工艺。在两种油污土样的堆制中投加了四株高效石油降解菌,处理60d后考察投加了混合菌的净化效果,主要包括油污中饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质、沥青质、总烃碳数组分相对含量的变化以及土壤中重金属含量及其水溶性的变化。结果表明:饱和烃的绝对去除量以及去除率都要高于其它三者;土样1和土样2总烃碳数组分百分比的变化幅度差别较大,呈现低碳数下降、高碳数升高的趋势,可见添加的高效石油降解菌以利用中低碳数烃类为主;该复合微生物堆制处理法对土壤的重金属污染基本无影响。     

人群拥挤踩踏事故的场所高危点统计与分析

本文首先对人群拥挤踩踏事故的发生场所进行了统计,通过对场所的特征分析,总结了学校、宗教场所、体育场所、街道、歌舞娱乐场所、地铁站、公园、大型商场等人群容易聚集场所的事故高危点。然后对楼梯、过道、坡面、桥梁、出入口、地下通道等高危点进行了详尽的分析,并对高危点的特点进行了总结,分析了高危点的危险度。本文的统计与分析结果能够为人群聚集活动的安全预案制定、高危点识别、安保人员设置等提供客观的参考。