脉冲式SBR法处理生活污水的DO、pH、ORP变化规律研究

脉冲式SBR工艺是针对传统SBR工艺反硝化效果较差提出的一种新型的SBR运行方式。采用真实的生活污水对传统SBR及脉冲式SBR工艺进行对比研究,考察二者运行过程中DO、pH及ORP的变化规律,进而通过DO、pH及ORP控制参数对脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮工艺进行实时控制。试验结果显示,出水TN低于2 mg/L,去除率达到了96%以上。     

化学品反应危险性分级方法研究与应用

针对化学品反应危险性的评价,介绍利用最大分解热,反应放热功率,绝热反应参数等方法对化学品反应危险性进行分级的几种方法及各自特点。通过分析整合不同分级方法,提出一种基于实测反应放热参数的分级方法,此方法以初始放热温度和反应热组成指标体系,同时配合燃爆曲线实现对化学品反应危险性的分级,得到的结果对于化学品的安全评价有较强的参考价值。考察了6种有机过氧化物的放热性质,诠释了有机过氧化物的反应危险性,应用所提出的反应危险性分级方法对其进行分级,并对分级方法进行了验证。该方法结合了实验结果和多种分级方法的优点,使化学品反应危险性分级方法具有更强的实用性。     

黄浦江表层水体中有机氯农药的分布特征

用双柱GC-ECD对黄浦江表层水体中的20种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分析,水体中ρ(OCPs)为87.28～148.97 ng/L,含量较高的组分有β-BHC,δ-BHC,α-BHC,4,4′-DDT和七氯等,ρ(BHCs)高于ρ(DDTs),分别为42.13～75.47和3.83～20.90 ng/L.组分分布特征表明,水体中BHCs主要为环境中的早期残留,在淀峰断面显示近期输入特征;水体中DDTs显示近期输入特征.高平潮时ρ(OCPs)低于低平潮,高平潮时大量长江水的涌入对黄浦江水体中的有机氯农药起到一定的稀释作用.水体中有机氯农药呈现较明显的季节性变化,丰水期含量高于枯水期,丰水期农田径流和土壤剥蚀作用的加强是导致水体中ρ(OCPs)升高的重要原因,说明黄浦江水体中有机氯农药的来源具有面源特征;水温升高加强了沉积物中有机氯农药的二次释放与其他地区相比较,黄浦江表层水体中ρ(OCPs)较低,ρ(DDTs)和ρ(BHCs)均未超过地表水环境质量标准限值.      

区域能源与大气环境污染宏观控制预警指标研究

调研、剖析了国内外能源弹性系数,找出能源弹性系数正常值.选择能源弹性系数对区域能源与大气环境宏观控制做预警研究,并进行实例分析.结果表明,能源弹性系数K的正常值是0.5,如果某区域的K值连续3年以上持续大于0.8,则表明该区域的能源需求量增长过快,相应地环境中的大气污染物的排放量也增长过快,使该区域的能源需求和环境污染治理面临巨大的压力.因此可以把K值作为区域能源与大气污染宏观控制的预警指标,同时也可以作为城市的考核指标.我国2001-2004年连续4年的能源生产(或消费)弹性系数在1～1.7之间,远远超过了正常值,应发出预警信号,查找原因,迅速改变目前的经济增长模式.      

光照法处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用直接光照处理青山垃圾填埋场和流芳垃圾填埋场的渗滤液,结果表明,直接光照处理4h,COD去除率分别为31%和18%,其主要原因在于青山垃圾填埋场中含有较多Fe和Cu等光催化物质及自身的光降解.直接光照对NH3-N和总-N的处理效果不佳.     

Profiles and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in drinking water sources and treatment plants,East China

This study is the first report describing the occurrence of 15 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the three typical water sources of YiXing City, Taihu Upper-River Basin, East China. The fate of target PAEs in the Jiubin drinking water treatment plant (JTP) was also analyzed. The amounts of Σ₁₅PAE in the Hengshan (HS), Youche (YC), and Xijiu (XJ) water sources were relatively moderate, with mean values of 360, 357, and 697 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAE concentration, making up 80% of the 15 total PAEs. The highest levels of Σ₁₅PAE were found in HS, YC, and XJ in March 2015, January 2015, and July 2014, respectively. The occurrence and concentrations of these compounds were spatially dependent, and the mean concentrations of Σ₁₅PAE in HS, YC, and XJ samples increased from the surface layer to the bottom layer with varied percentage increases. The removal efficiency of the PAEs in the finished water varied markedly, and the removal of PAEs by the JTP ranged from 12.8 to 64.5%. The potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that the risk of PAEs was relatively low in these three water sources. However, risks posed by PAEs due to drinking water still exist; therefore, special attention should be paid to source control in the JTP, and advanced treatment processes for drinking water supplies should be implemented.

     

Enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride on flavonoid synthesis of soybean seedlings under enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

In order to probe into the enzymological mechanism for the regulation of lanthanum chloride (LaCl₃) on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, the effects of LaCl₃ (20 and 60 mg l^?1) on the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate?:?coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and chalcone synthase (CHS) in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) were investigated. Enhanced UV-B radiation (2.6 and 6.2 kJ m^?2 day^?1) caused the increase in the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of 20 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ also efficiently increased these indices, which promoted the flavonoid synthesis and provided protective effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. On the contrary, the treatment of 60 mg l^?1 LaCl₃ decreased the content of flavonoids as well as the activities of C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings except increasing the activity of PAL, which were not beneficial to the flavonoid synthesis and provided negative effects for resisting enhanced UV-B radiation. In conclusion, enhanced UV-B radiation caused the increase in the flavonoid synthesis by promoting the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS in soybean seedlings. The treatment of LaCl₃ could change flavonoid synthesis in soybean seedlings under enhanced UV-B radiation by regulating the activities of PAL, C4H, 4CL, and CHS, which is an enzymological mechanism for the regulation of LaCl₃ on flavonoid synthesis in plants under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

Using enriched stable isotope technique to study Cu bioaccumulation and bioavailability in Corbicula fluminea from Taihu Lake,China

In this study, we measured trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water and sediment from representative sites of Taihu Lake, with focus on the analysis of trace metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea (bivalve). The results showed that the quality of water in Taihu Lake was generally good and the correlation was not found between Cu bioaccumulation in C. fluminea and the concentration in water and sediment. Thus, using the stable isotope tracer method, we studied Cu uptake from the water phase, the assimilation of Cu from the food phase, and the efflux of Cu in vivo by C. fluminea. The result revealed that this species exhibited a relatively lower efflux rate constant of Cu compared with other zoobenthos species. Using a simple bioenergetics-based kinetic model, Cu concentrations in the C. fluminea were calculated with the measured efflux rate. We put forward a novel method, which was taking the influence of biological kinetic on metal bioaccumulation into account to explain the field survey data.     

PTFE中空纤维膜直接接触式膜蒸馏过程抗污染性能

通过研究不同原水对直接接触式膜蒸馏过程的影响,考察了聚四氟乙烯膜对无机盐、胶体和有机物的抗污染性能。研究表明,在35 g/L氯化钠溶液的4倍浓缩过程中,PTFE膜的相对通量降低至0.72;与碳酸钙饱和溶液的浓缩过程相比,由于溶解度的差异,硫酸钙饱和溶液浓缩过程中晶体析出量更多,通量衰减也更为严重;浓缩硅溶胶时,二氧化硅单体聚合并吸附于膜面从而引起膜通量的衰减,随着浓缩的进行,料液p H值不断上升,使得胶体体系愈加稳定,浓缩到2.6倍后相对通量没有随着浓缩倍数的增加出现明显下降,维持在0.73左右;腐殖酸在水中表现出的亲水性和电负性使其难以在具有较强疏水性的聚四氟乙烯膜表面上形成滤饼层,浓缩过程中相对通量始终保持在0.9以上。     

用于有界波模拟器的紧凑型纳秒脉冲源

随着电磁武器的发展,核电磁脉冲及其工程防护技术受到各国的普遍关注。为模拟电磁脉冲环境,研制了一台紧凑型纳秒脉冲源,与有界波模拟器配合可产生的双指数波形前沿~1.6ns,脉宽42ns,幅值可达60kV。本文介绍了脉冲源的设计与调试结果。