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991.
Assuming that a male’s genetic characteristics affect those of his offspring, extra-pair copulation has been hypothesized
to increase heterozygosity of the progeny—the “genetic compatibility” hypothesis—and the genetic diversity within litters—the
“genetic diversity” hypothesis. We tested these two hypotheses in the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota), a socially monogamous mammal showing a high rate of extra-pair paternity (EPP). In a first step, we tested the assumption
that a male’s genetic characteristics (heterozygosity and genetic similarity to the female) affect those of his offspring.
Genetic similarity between parents influenced offspring heterozygosity, offspring genetic similarity to their mother, and
litter genetic diversity. The father’s heterozygosity also influenced litter genetic diversity but did not affect offspring
heterozygosity. Hence, heterozygosity seems not to be heritable in the alpine marmot. In a second step, we compared genetic
characteristics of extra-pair young (EPY) and within-pair young (WPY). EPY were less genetically similar to their mother but
not more heterozygous than WPY. EPY siblings were also less genetically similar than their WPY half siblings. Finally, the
presence of EPY promoted genetic diversity within the litter. Thus, our data support both the “genetic compatibility” and
the “genetic diversity” hypotheses. We discuss further investigations needed to determine the primary causes of EPP in this
species. 相似文献
992.
André Chiaradia Yan Ropert-Coudert Akiko Kato Thomas Mattern Julija Yorke 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1535-1542
Little Penguins, Eudyptula minor, breed in several small colonies in New Zealand and Australia. In this study, we compare the birds’ diving performances at
different sites situated throughout their breeding range. Environmental conditions and breeding success vary drastically amongst
colonies, but all birds feed on similar types of prey and face similar limitations on their foraging range. We examined several
diving parameters and calculated the proportion of foraging zone available during breeding to examine whether oceanographic
and geographic factors in the foraging zone can explain variations in diving behaviour and fledging success among the different
colonies. In colonies with high fledging success, Penguin Island and Oamaru, penguins made shallow dives <50 m depth and had
lower diving effort. More than 90% of the foraging zone was in waters <50 m depth in these colonies. Motuara Island also has
shallow waters with 95% <50 m depth, but the fledging success was low. Phillip Island has only 42% of waters <50 m and comparatively
low fledging success. Thus, penguins dived deeper and showed a higher diving effort in colonies with lower fledging success
(Motuara Island and Phillip Island), indicating that they were disadvantaged compared to conspecifics from other colonies
that dived shallower and with a lesser diving effort. We concluded that bathymetry is an important factor, but not the only
one, which influences fledging success. 相似文献
993.
Studying the effects of urbanization on the dynamics of communities has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. The consequences of urbanization are mainly an increased fragmentation of the original landscapes associated with a decrease in the amount of favorable habitats and an increased pressure of human activities on the remaining patches suitable for wildlife. Patterns of bird species richness have been studied at different levels of urbanization, but little is known about the temporal dynamics of animal communities in urban landscapes. In particular, urbanization is expected to have stronger negative effects on migratory breeding bird communities than on sedentary ones, which should lead to different patterns of change in composition. Using an estimation method accounting for heterogeneity in species detection probability and data collected between 2001 and 2003 within a suburban area near the city of Paris, France, we tested whether these communities differ in their local extinction and turnover rates. We considered the potential effects of patch size and distance to Paris' center as a measure of the degree of urbanization around the patches. As expected, local rates of extinction and turnover were higher for migratory than for sedentary species, and they were negatively related to patch size for migratory species. Mean species richness of the sedentary species increased during the study period and their local turnover rate was negatively related to the distance to the urban core, showing a trend to colonize the most urban patches. These results highlight the very dynamic nature of the composition of some local bird communities in fragmented habitats and help to identify factors affecting colonization and extinction. 相似文献
994.
Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession: an experimental approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine Fernandez Benjamin Lelong Bruno Vila Jean-Philippe Mévy Christine Robles Stéphane Greff Sylvie Dupouyet Anne Bousquet-Mélou 《Chemoecology》2006,16(2):97-105
Summary. Recent economic and social changes in north Mediterranean regions have led to an important rural depopulation. Consequently,
meadows developed on abandoned agricultural lands (characterized by high species richness) undergo reforestation. These former
fields are mainly colonized by Pinus halepensis Miller, which is known to synthetize a wide range of secondary metabolites, among these, some could influence plant succession
through allelopathy. The allelopathic potential of P. halepensis, was tested against two target species (Lactuca sativa L. and Linum strictum L.) with aqueous extracts obtained from different organs (root and needle) taking into account the individual age (±10, ±30
and > 60 years old). Root and needle extracts affected differently germination and growth of the two target species, the responses
varying with concentration of extracts, age and organs tested. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on the germination
and growth of L. strictum, exposed to needle extracts of young P. halepensis (±10 years old), and root extracts of older P. halepensis (> 30 years old). These extracts contained several phenolic acids (e.g. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid), which are known as allelochemicals and their concentrations vary with age and
organ tested. Hence, P. halepensis could influence secondary succession through the release of potential allelochemicals in the environment by leaf leachates
or root exudates. 相似文献
995.
Information about foraging speeds is particularly valuable when the impact of a predator species upon a community of prey has to be defined, as in the case of great cormorants. We measured the swim speed of 12 (six males and six females) free-ranging great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, foraging off the Greenland coast during the summer of 2003, using miniaturized data-loggers. Although mean body mass of males was 27% greater than that of females, and mean swim speed of males were 29–57% higher than that of females during foraging phases (but not descent phases) of dives, these differences in speeds were not significant due to high variances. Birds descended to the mean maximum depth of 4.7 m at an average speed of 1.6±0.5 m s−1, a speed similar to that measured in captive cormorants in previous studies. Although bursts of up to 4 m s−1 were recorded, speed usually decreased during the deepest (foraging) phase of dives, being on average 0.8±0.6 m s−1. Speeds measured here should be taken with caution, because the large propeller loggers used to measure speed directly decreased descent speeds by up to 0.5 m s−1 when compared to smaller depth-only loggers. Cormorants in Greenland seem to combine two searching strategies, one requiring low speed to scan the water column or benthos, and one requiring high speed to pursue prey. These two strategies depend on the two main habitats of their prey: pelagic or demersal. 相似文献
996.
Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Soils of Seville: Relationship with Different Land Uses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruiz-Cortés E Reinoso R Díaz-Barrientos E Madrid L 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(5-6):465-474
Fifty-two samples of surface soils were taken in the urban area of Seville, to assess the possible influence of different
land uses on their metal contents and their relationship with several soil properties. The samples corresponded to five categories
or land uses: agricultural, parks, ornamental gardens, riverbanks, and roadsides. Sequential extraction of metal according
to the procedure proposed by the former Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was carried out, and pseudo-total (aqua regia soluble) metal contents were determined. Lower organic C, total N and available P and K contents were found in riverbank
samples, probably due to the lack of manuring of those sites, left in a natural status. In contrast, significantly higher
electrical conductivity was found in those sites, due to the tidal influence of the nearby Atlantic Ocean. Other land uses
did not show significant differences in the general properties. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn, both aqua-regia soluble and sequentially extracted, were clearly higher in soils from ornamental gardens, whereas the concentrations in the
riverbank samples were slightly lower than the other categories. In contrast, other metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) were uniformly
distributed throughout all land uses. A strong statistical association is found among the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and
organic C, suggesting that the larger contents of these metals in ornamental gardens are partly due to organic amendments
added to those sites more frequently than to other kinds of sites. Considering the conclusions of previous studies, heavy
traffic can also contribute to those `urban’ metals in urban soils. Periodic monitoring of the concentrations of urban metals
in busy city centres and of the quality of amendments added to soils of recreational areas are recommended. 相似文献
997.
Summary. Male satin moths, Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) were attracted only to (3Z,6R,7S,9R,10S)-isomer out of the four (3Z)-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxy-3-henicosenes (leucomalure). This was demonstrated by field trapping test with a bivoltine population in a mixed poplar-willow forest along the flood area of the river Danube at Adony, Hungary. 相似文献
998.
Seabob shrimps of the genus Xiphopenaeus are important fishery resources along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central and South America. The genus was considered to comprise two species: the Atlantic Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, Sitzungsber Math Naturwiss cl kaiserliche Akad Wiss Wien 45:389–426, 1862), and the Pacific Xiphopenaeus riveti (Bouvier, Bull Mus Hist Nat Paris 13:113–116, 1907). In a recent review, Xiphopenaeus was regarded as a monotypic genus, on the basis that no clear morphological differences could be found between Pacific and Atlantic specimens (Pérez Farfante and Kensley, Mem Mus Nat Hist Nat Paris 175:1–79, 1997). In the present work, nuclear (allozymes), and mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I) genes were used to demonstrate the validity of X. riveti and reveal the presence of two cryptic species of Xiphopenaeus within X. kroyeri in the Atlantic Ocean. The high levels of molecular divergence among these species contrast with their high morphological resemblance. Interspecific sequence divergences (Kimura 2-parameter distance) varied from 0.106 to 0.151, whereas intraspecific distances ranged from 0 to 0.008 in Xiphopenaeus sp. 1, from 0 to 0.003 in Xiphopenaeus sp. 2, and from 0.002 to 0.005 in X. riveti. In addition, five diagnostic allozyme loci were found between sympatric samples of Xiphopenaeus sp. 1 and 2 along the Brazilian coast. The results suggest that Xiphopenaeus sp. 2 from the Atlantic is more closely related to the Pacific X. riveti than to the Atlantic Xiphopenaeus sp. 1. Furthermore, a high level of genetic structuring (Xiphopenaeus sp. 1: F
ST
=0.026; P<0.05; Xiphopenaeus sp. 2: F
ST
=0.055; P<0.01) was found in the Brazilian Xiphopenaeus populations, indicating the presence of different genetic stocks in both Atlantic species. These findings have important commercial implications as they show that the fisheries of the two Atlantic species must be managed separately, and that each one is comprised of different populations.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe 相似文献
999.
Tomás Landete-Castillejos Andrés García Francisco R. López-Serrano Laureano Gallego 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,57(3):267-274
Several theories predict a sex-biased investment either through unbalanced sex ratios in offspring or through differences in provisioning. According to them, one would expect an optimisation in indirect fitness, or else a compensation for increased mortality of one sex. In addition, biases in provisioning may also arise as a consequence of weight-dependent non-adaptive nutrient demands by offspring. This study examines milk provisioning and sex biases in offspring sex ratio together with maternal quality variables. Mothers of higher quality (weight and age) showed greater milk provisioning ability (in terms of production) resulting in greater calf weight gain. Mothers of sons produced greater yields of milk, milk protein, fat and lactose than mothers of daughters, and increased percentage of protein after controlling for higher male birth weight. In contrast, mothers of males did not differ from mothers of females in age or any body weight variables related to maternal quality. These results suggest that differences in milk production and composition for sons and daughters are rather a mechanism to optimise indirect fitness than a mechanism to compensate for increased mortality in male calves, or a consequence of greater weight-dependent nutrient demands by heavier male calves. Results also suggest that biases in milk provisioning may occur without biases in offspring sex ratio, and furthermore, in contrast to the prediction that biases should be relative to the mean investment of the population, that milk provisioning biases might not be relative.Communicated by F. Trillmich 相似文献
1000.
David Sillam-Dussès Etienne Sémon Céline Moreau Irena Valterová Jan Šobotník Alain Robert Christian Bordereau 《Chemoecology》2005,15(1):1-6
Summary. The diterpene neocembrene A or (1E,5E,9E,12R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethenyl)-1,5,9-cyclotetradecatriene, known as the trail-following pheromone of the advanced Termitidae Nasutitermitinae Nasutitermes exitiosus and Trinervitermes bettonianus, has been identified after SPME-GC/MS as the major component of the trail-following pheromone of the Rhinotermitidae Prorhinotermitinae, Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex. In all the other Rhinotermitidae studied until now, the major component of their trail pheromones is dodecatrienol ((3Z,6Z,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol). This biochemical data further add to the anatomical and molecular characteristics that give a special status to the taxon Prorhinotermes among Rhinotermitidae. In Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex, neocembrene A was the only secretory compound specific to the sternal gland surface that could be detected after SPME. It elicited orientation as well as recruitment behavioral effects. However, the comparison of the respective biological activities triggered by neocembrene A and by sternal gland secretion suggests that minor components of the latter are acting in synergy with neocembrene A. 相似文献