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排序方式: 共有156条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Vergé X Chapuis A Delpoux M Dulieu H Fabre A Meybeck MP 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,91(1-3):199-209
Tobacco plants, heterozygous for two independent loci involved in the chlorophyll parenchyma differentiation, allow the genotoxic effects of the atmosphere of the industrial estate South of Toulouse to be estimated. Somatic spots of green cellular colonies on yellow-green background, were counted to calculate the cellular rates of reversion. Two experiments were carried out in 1981, and in 1997. A general decrease of genotoxic effects was observed. These observations were interpreted as being due to a general decrease of the air pollution evaluated by the development of the concentrations of three toxic gases before and after the implementation of cleanup devices. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of this bio-indicator, which is easy to use and capable of integrating, in situ, genotoxic variations throughout the duration of plants' growth. 相似文献
52.
The spatial distribution and deposition of lead and zinc emitted from the Trail smelter, British Columbia, Canada, was studied by strategically locating moss bags in the area surrounding the smelter and monitoring the deposition of elements every three months. A combined diffusion/distribution model was applied to estimate the relative contribution of stack-emitted material and material emitted from the secondary sources (e.g., wind-blown dust from ore/slag storage piles, uncovered transportation/trucking of ore, and historical dust). The results indicate that secondary sources are the major contributor of lead and zinc deposited within a short distance from the smelter. Gradually, the stack emissions become the main source of Pb and Zn at greater distances from the smelter. Typical material originating from each source was characterized by SEM/EDX, which indicated a marked difference in their morphology and chemical composition. 相似文献
53.
Monte L Brittain JE Håkanson L Smith JT van der Perk M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2004,75(1):83-103
The present paper summarises the results of the review and assessment of models developed for predicting the migration of radionuclides from catchments to water bodies. The models were classified and evaluated according to their main methodological approaches. A retrospective analysis of the principles underpinning the model development in relation to experimental finding and results was carried out. It was demonstrated that most of the various conceptual approaches of different modellers can be integrated in a general, harmonised perspective supported by a variety of experimental evidences. Shortcomings and advantages of the models were discussed. 相似文献
54.
Genetic variation in defense chemistry in wild cabbages affects herbivores and their endoparasitoids 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gols R Wagenaar R Bukovinszky T van Dam NM Dicke M Bullock JM Harvey JA 《Ecology》2008,89(6):1616-1626
Populations of wild Brassica oleracea L. grow naturally along the Atlantic coastlines of the United Kingdom and France. Over a very small spatial scale (i.e., <15 km) these populations differ in the expression of the defensive compounds, glucosinolates (GS). Thus far, very few studies have examined interactions between genetically distinct populations of a wild plant species and associated consumers in a multitrophic framework. Here, we compared the development of a specialist (Pieris rapae) and a generalist (Mamestra brassicae) insect herbivore and their endoparasitoids (Cotesia rubecula and Microplitis mediator, respectively) on three wild populations and one cultivar of B. oleracea under controlled greenhouse conditions. Herbivore performance was differentially affected by the plant population on which they were reared. Plant population influenced only development time and pupal mass in P. rapae, whereas plant population also had a dramatic effect on survival of M. brassicae. Prolonged development time in P. rapae corresponded with high levels of the indole GS, neoglucobrassicin, whereas reduced survival in M. brassicae coincided with high levels of the aliphatic GS, gluconapin and sinigrin. The difference between the two species can be explained by the fact that the specialist P. rapae is adapted to feed on plants containing GS and has evolved an effective detoxification system against aliphatic GS. The different B. oleracea populations also affected development of the endoparasitoids. Differences in food-plant quality for the hosts were reflected in adult size in C. rubecula and survival in M. mediator, and further showed that parasitoid performance is also affected by herbivore diet. 相似文献
55.
56.
Winfried Schröder Marcel Holy Roland Pesch Harald Zechmeister Harry Harmens Ilia Ilyin 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2011,23(1):1-14
Background
The vertical migration of phytoplankton was investigated in natural waters using in situ fluorescence profiling, chlorophyll a concentrations and life counts at two study sites differing in coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) concentrations. The data from the corresponding water depths (50-cm intervals down to 10 m) and times (hourly, before dawn to sunset, several days) were related to the highly resolved (2 nm) underwater ultraviolet radiation (UVR)/photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transparency (290 to 700 nm).Results
Chlorophyll a maxima of mainly motile dinoflagellates were observed in situ at all days and at both study sites (open marine, brackish waters), independent on prevailing weather conditions or cDOM concentrations. Phytoplankton migration was triggered solely by irradiance in the 400- to 700-nm wavelength range (PAR) at the particular water depth, irrespective of PAR/UVR ratios and surface UVR (290 to 400 nm), after an illumination period of about 40 min. Interestingly, the PAR tolerance levels of the phytoplankton, which have been lower in cDOM-rich waters, matched their light acclimation values determined by parallel PAM measurements.Conclusions
The response of the phytoplankton to PAR is not a sufficient protection strategy versus increasing UVR levels, which might have wide ecological implications beyond the level of primary producers to impact important ecosystem functions such as the delicate trophic interactions. 相似文献57.
Urs Baumann Gustav Peter Ernst Pletscher Marcel Wettstein 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2003,15(4):227-233
Before waste-water-relevant organic materials are to be found in large quantities, their specific behavior in sewage treatment plants must be known. With the aid of the OECD simulation test #303 A, an estimation of their elimination in biological clarification stages can be made. In this work, an economical and continuous testing system is presented, which consists of a polyester flies bound to an activated biosludge with a high inoculum density, allowing one to measure no only the elimination of individual substances, but also the specific degree of mineralization. The toxicity of the activated biosludge and the nitrifying substances can also be examined. With the described testing procedure, it is possible to determine the rate of degradation within only a few hours. Finally, it can also be seen that it is possible to reliably and continuously determine the rate of anaerobic, biological degradability through the use of such a modified testing procedure. 相似文献
58.
Female ornaments in species with conventional sex roles often indicate individual quality, but the evolutionary forces maintaining
them are less clear. Sexual competition for breeding opportunities may represent an important role for female signals, especially
in polygynous species, but there is little experimental evidence for this. The wing patch size (WPS) of female collared flycatchers
indicates age and body condition and predicts social mating patterns. We challenged nest-building females with decoy females
of varying WPS and found that the aggressive response of residents increased with decoy WPS, suggesting a role for this female
ornament in territorial competition. Our results explain why female WPS predicts territorial distances when mated to a polygynous
male and indicate that the role of WPS in female competitive interactions is similar to that in males of the same population. 相似文献
59.
Due to their high phenotypic plasticity, the expression of secondary sexual characteristics is particularly sensitive to stress.
Here, we investigated the expression of two conspicuous visual signals in great tits (Parus major) in a metal pollution gradient. In three study sites with marked differences in metal contamination (mainly lead, cadmium,
copper and zinc), we compared melanin and carotenoid colouration of great tits. While carotenoid colouration (yellow breast)
was negatively related to metal pollution, the size of a melanin trait (breast stripe) was larger in the most polluted sites.
Environmental pollutants not only affect the expression of conspicuous signals but may even enhance, directly or indirectly,
a signal of male quality such as breast stripe. Our results also support the multiple messages hypothesis predicting that
different signals highlight different aspects of geno- and phenotypic condition of the bearer. 相似文献
60.
Marcel Clusa Carlos Carreras Marta Pascual Stephen J. Gaughran Susanna Piovano Cristina Giacoma Gloria Fernández Yaniv Levy Jesús Tomás Juan Antonio Raga Fulvio Maffucci Sandra Hochscheid Alex Aguilar Luis Cardona 《Marine Biology》2014,161(3):509-519
Loggerhead turtles nesting in the Mediterranean Sea exhibit remarkable genetic structuring. This paper tests the hypothesis that young loggerhead turtles from different rookeries do not distribute homogeneously among the major Mediterranean foraging grounds, due to a complex pattern of surface currents. We extracted long fragments of mitochondrial DNA from 275 stranded or bycaught juvenile turtles from six foraging grounds (Catalano-Balearic Sea, Algerian basin, Tyrrhenian Sea, Adriatic Sea, northern Ionian Sea and southern Levantine Sea). We used a Bayesian mixed-stock analysis to estimate the contributions from rookeries in the Mediterranean, the North-west Atlantic and Cape Verde to the studied foraging grounds. Differences were found in the relative contribution of juvenile turtles of Atlantic and Mediterranean origin to each foraging ground. A decreasing proportion of Atlantic juveniles was detected along the main surface current entering the Mediterranean, with a high prevalence of turtles from eastern Florida in the Algerian basin and lower numbers elsewhere. In regard to the turtles of Mediterranean origin, juveniles from Libya prevailed in central and western Mediterranean foraging grounds other than the Algerian basin. Conversely, the Adriatic Sea was characterised by a large presence of individuals from western Greece, while the southern Levantine Sea was inhabited by a heterogeneous mix of turtles from the eastern Mediterranean rookeries (Turkey, Lebanon and Israel). Overall, the distribution of juveniles may be related to surface circulation patterns in the Mediterranean and suggests that fisheries might have differential effects on each population depending on the overlap degree between foraging and fishing grounds. 相似文献