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21.
Experimental and natural changes in the peacock's (Pavo cristatus) train can affect mating success 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Petrie et al. (1991) demonstrated a correlation between the degree of elaboration of peacocks' trains and their mating success, and also showed that this correlation occurred because females preferred to mate with the male that had the most elaborate train of those sampled on the lek. Although these data suggest that female choice is responsible for non-random mating in this species, they do not conclusively show that train morphology is the cue that females respond to, because they do not rule out the possible influence of another unidentified variable which is correlated with train elaboration. This paper presents an experimental test of the importance of the peacock's train in determining male mating success. If the number or arrangement of eye-spots in the peacock's train influences mating success, then changing the number of eye-spots should change mating success. This prediction was tested in an experiment where the trains of male peafowl (Pavo cristatus) were manipulated by removing a number of eye-spots between mating seasons. Peacocks with eye-spots removed showed a significant decline in mating success between seasons compared with a control group. This result, together with the observational data, supports the hypothesis that the peacock's train has evolved, at least in part, as a result of female choice. 相似文献
22.
Although filial cannibalism (eating one’s own offspring) occurs in numerous species, including several teleost fishes, its
adaptive value is still not well understood. One often-discussed explanation is that individuals enhance their mass and body
condition by consuming part of their eggs. However, evidence for this assumption is scarce thus far. In this study, male three-spined
sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a species with paternal care, were allowed to care for a batch of eggs or for an empty nest under food-deprived conditions.
All brood-caring males cannibalised at least part of their eggs and thus preserved their initial mass and body condition.
Furthermore, mass as well as body condition was significant positively correlated with the number of cannibalised eggs. In
contrast, empty-nest males that had no possibility to cannibalise eggs significantly lost mass and body condition. This is,
to our knowledge, the first experimentally documented evidence that mass as well as body condition were preserved by filial
cannibalism. 相似文献
23.
Marion Dolezel Marianne Miklau Andreas Heissenberger Wolfram Reichenbecher 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2018,30(1):39
Background
The European Food Safety Authority proposed a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU that is based on the definition of thresholds for the acceptability of potential adverse effects on the environment. This concept, called Limits of Concern (LoC), needs to be further refined to be implemented in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms.Methods
We analyse and discuss how LoC can be defined for the environmental risk assessment for three different types of genetically modified plants. We outline protection goals relevant to the genetically modified plants in question and discuss existing concepts and suggestions for acceptability thresholds from the environmental risk assessment of different regulatory areas. We make specific recommendations for the setting and use of LoC for each type of genetically modified plant.Results
The LoC concept can be suitably applied for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms, if the different protection goals in agro-environments are specifically considered. Not only biodiversity protection goals but also agricultural protection goals need to be addressed. The different ecosystem services provided by weeds inside and outside agricultural fields have to be considered for genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Exposure-based LoCs are suggested based on knowledge about dose–effect relationships between maize pollen and non-target Lepidoptera for insect-resistant maize. Due to the long-term nature of biological processes such as spread and establishment, LoCs for genetically modified oilseed rape should be defined for the presence of the genetically modified plant or its genetically modified traits in relevant protection goals.Conclusions
When setting LoCs, the focus should be on protection goals which are possibly affected. Potential overlaps of the LoC concept with the ecosystem service concept have to be clarified to harmonise protection levels in the agro-environment for different stressors. If additional impacts on agro-biodiversity resulting from the cultivation of genetically modified plants are to be avoided, then high protection levels and low thresholds for acceptable effects (i.e. LoC) should be set.24.
Bernard Marion Boutry Sebastien Tapie Nathalie Budzinski Héléne Mazzella Nicolas 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(1):40-50
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this lab-scale study, the POCIS capacity to integrate short contamination peaks of variable intensity and duration was evaluated. POCIS were... 相似文献
25.
Marion Valeix Hervé Fritz Andrew J. Loveridge Zeke Davidson Jane E. Hunt Felix Murindagomo David W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1483-1494
A central question in the study of predator–prey relationships is to what extent prey behaviour is determined by avoidance
of predators. Here, we test whether the long-term risk of encountering lions and the presence of lions in the vicinity influence
the behaviour of large African herbivores at waterholes through avoidance of high-risk areas, increases in group size, changes
in temporal niche or changes in the time spent in waterhole areas. In Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, we monitored waterholes
to study the behaviour of nine herbivore species under different risks of encountering lions. We radio-collared 26 lions in
the study area which provided the opportunity to monitor whether lions were present during observation sessions and to map
longer-term seasonal landscapes of risk of encountering lions. Our results show that the preferred prey species for lions
(buffalo, kudu and giraffe) avoided risky waterholes. Group size increased as encounter risk increased for only two species
(wildebeest and zebra), but this effect was not strong. Interestingly, buffalo avoided the hours of the day which are dangerous
when the long-term and short-term risks of encountering lions were high, and all species showed avoidance of waterhole use
at night times when lions were in the vicinity. This illustrates well how prey can make temporal adjustments to avoid dangerous
periods coinciding with predator hunting. Additionally, many herbivores spent more time accessing water to drink when the
long- and short-term risks of encountering lions were high, and they showed longer potential drinking time when the long-term
risk of encountering lions was high, suggesting higher levels of vigilance. This study illustrates the diversity of behavioural
adjustments to the risk of encountering a predator and how prey respond differently to temporal variations in this risk. 相似文献
26.
Russian Journal of Ecology - Technogenic pollution can accelerate microevolutionary processes in natural populations. We estimated the nuclear DNA content of 10 Bromus inermis Leyss. samples from... 相似文献
27.
Evelien?M.?de OldeEmail author Henrik?Moller Fleur?Marchand Richard?W.?McDowell Catriona?J.?MacLeod Marion?Sautier Stephan?Halloy Andrew?Barber Jayson?Benge Christian?Bockstaller Eddie?A.?M.?Bokkers Imke?J.?M.?de Boer Katharine?A.?Legun Isabelle?Le Quellec Charles?Merfield Frank?W.?Oudshoorn John?Reid Christian?Schader Erika?Szymanski Claus?A.?G.?S?rensen Jay?Whitehead Jon?Manhire 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(4):1327-1342
Sustainability indicators are well recognized for their potential to assess and monitor sustainable development of agricultural systems. A large number of indicators are proposed in various sustainability assessment frameworks, which raises concerns regarding the validity of approaches, usefulness and trust in such frameworks. Selecting indicators requires transparent and well-defined procedures to ensure the relevance and validity of sustainability assessments. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine whether experts agree on which criteria are most important in the selection of indicators and indicator sets for robust sustainability assessments. Two groups of experts (Temperate Agriculture Research Network and New Zealand Sustainability Dashboard) were asked to rank the relative importance of eleven criteria for selecting individual indicators and of nine criteria for balancing a collective set of indicators. Both ranking surveys reveal a startling lack of consensus amongst experts about how best to measure agricultural sustainability and call for a radical rethink about how complementary approaches to sustainability assessments are used alongside each other to ensure a plurality of views and maximum collaboration and trust amongst stakeholders. To improve the transparency, relevance and robustness of sustainable assessments, the context of the sustainability assessment, including prioritizations of selection criteria for indicator selection, must be accounted for. A collaborative design process will enhance the acceptance of diverse values and prioritizations embedded in sustainability assessments. The process by which indicators and sustainability frameworks are established may be a much more important determinant of their success than the final shape of the assessment tools. Such an emphasis on process would make assessments more transparent, transformative and enduring. 相似文献
28.
Florence Vouvé Roselyne Buscail Dominique Aubert Pierre Labadie Marc Chevreuil Christophe Canal Marion Desmousseaux Fabrice Alliot Elsa Amilhat Elisabeth Faliex Séverine Paris-Palacios Sylvie Biagianti-Risbourg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3005-3020
Environmental characteristics in water and sediments of two contrasted coastal Mediterranean lagoons, Bages-Sigean and Canet-St Nazaire, were measured over a three season survey. The urban pollution (treatment plant discharges) is very important in Canet-St Nazaire lagoon reflecting untreated sewages, while in Bages-Sigean, the northern part appears more impacted due to larger anthropogenic inputs. Dissolved Cd concentrations are on the whole similar in both lagoons, whereas Cu concentrations are by far higher in lagoon Canet-St Nazaire. Cu concentrations appear to be highly dependent on dissolved organic carbon whereas salinity seems to control Cd variations. Concerning the sediments, the confined northern part of lagoon Bages-Sigean shows organic carbon and total nitrogen enrichment whereas lipid concentrations are much higher in the Canet-St Nazaire lagoon. Cu complexation seems to be strongly related to organic matter as evidenced by the two significant positive relationships, on one hand between Cu and organic carbon, and on the other hand, between Cu and lipids. On the contrary, Cd concentrations appear to be mainly controlled by carbonates. PCBs and PBDEs were detected only in sediments and show relatively low concentrations compared to similar lagoon environments. Regarding the sediment quality guidelines, Cd, Cu and PCBs in both lagoons did not exceed any Probable Effect Concentration (PEC). 相似文献
29.
Wittmann ME Chandra S Reuter JE Schladow SG Allen BC Webb KJ 《Environmental management》2012,49(6):1163-1173
Anoxia can restrict species establishment in aquatic systems and the artificial promotion of these conditions can provide an effective control strategy for invasive molluscs. Low abundances (2-20 m(-2)) of the nonnative bivalve, Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), were first recorded in Lake Tahoe, CA-NV in 2002 and by 2010 nuisance-level population densities (>10,000 m(-2)) were observed. A non-chemical control method using gas impermeable benthic barriers to reduce dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations available to C. fluminea was tested in this ultra-oligotrophic natural lake. In 2009, the impact of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) sheets (9 m(2), n = 6) on C. fluminea beds was tested on 1-7 day intervals over a 56 day period (August-September). At an average water temperature of 18 °C, DO concentrations under these small barriers were reduced to zero after 72 h resulting in 100 % C. fluminea mortality after 28 days. In 2010, a large EPDM barrier (1,950 m(2)) was applied to C. fluminea populations for 120 days (July-November). C. fluminea abundances were reduced over 98 % after barrier removal, and remained significantly reduced (>90 %) 1 year later. Non-target benthic macroinvertebrate abundances were also reduced, with variable taxon-specific recolonization rates. High C. fluminea abundance under anoxic conditions increased the release of ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus from the sediment substrate; but levels of unionized ammonia were low at 0.004-0.005 mg L(-1). Prolonged exposure to anoxia using benthic barriers can provide an effective short term control strategy for C. fluminea. 相似文献
30.