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51.
Sujay S Kaushal Peter M Groffman Paul M Mayer Elise Striz Arthur J Gold 《Ecological applications》2008,18(3):789-804
Increased delivery of nitrogen due to urbanization and stream ecosystem degradation is contributing to eutrophication in coastal regions of the eastern United States. We tested whether geomorphic restoration involving hydrologic "reconnection" of a stream to its floodplain could increase rates of denitrification at the riparian-zone-stream interface of an urban stream in Baltimore, Maryland. Rates of denitrification measured using in situ 15N tracer additions were spatially variable across sites and years and ranged from undetectable to >200 microg N x (kg sediment)(-1) x d(-1). Mean rates of denitrification were significantly greater in the restored reach of the stream at 77.4 +/- 12.6 microg N x kg(-1) x d(-1) (mean +/- SE) as compared to the unrestored reach at 34.8 +/- 8.0 microg N x kg(-1) x d(-1). Concentrations of nitrate-N in groundwater and stream water in the restored reach were also significantly lower than in the unrestored reach, but this may have also been associated with differences in sources and hydrologic flow paths. Riparian areas with low, hydrologically "connected" streambanks designed to promote flooding and dissipation of erosive force for storm water management had substantially higher rates of denitrification than restored high "nonconnected" banks and both unrestored low and high banks. Coupled measurements of hyporheic groundwater flow and in situ denitrification rates indicated that up to 1.16 mg NO3(-)-N could be removed per liter of groundwater flow through one cubic meter of sediment at the riparian-zone-stream interface over a mean residence time of 4.97 d in the unrestored reach, and estimates of mass removal of nitrate-N in the restored reach were also considerable. Mass removal of nitrate-N appeared to be strongly influenced by hydrologic residence time in unrestored and restored reaches. Our results suggest that stream restoration designed to "reconnect" stream channels with floodplains can increase denitrification rates, that there can be substantial variability in the efficacy of stream restoration designs, and that more work is necessary to elucidate which designs can be effective in conjunction with watershed strategies to reduce nitrate-N sources to streams. 相似文献
52.
Azo dyes, which are the most commonly used dyes in the textile industry, are aromatic compounds with N═N– groups. The treatment of these pollutants has been receiving considerable attention due to their persistence and release of dyes into the environment. The existing treatment approaches are not only expensive but also result in the production of concentrated sludge, which creates a secondary disposal issue. Under particular ecological conditions, a variety of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and yeasts, can not only decolorize numerous dyes but can also degrade them. In this respect, microbial degradation is a successful, cost-effective, biologically friendly, and ecologically sustainable treatment strategy. This review paper discusses research articles identified in the ScienceDirect bibliographic database for the last 10 years (from January 1, 2010 to June 29, 2022). Only the most appropriate research articles were included in the review process which was identified by searches with keyword phrases Azo-dye degradation with bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and microbial consortia. The review paper also emphasizes the constraints that persist and the future scope for the degradation of dyes via genetic engineering. 相似文献
53.
Kumari Priyanka Meena Abha 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(34):46343-46355
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the present study, an application of cellulose nanofibers has been established for the controlled release of an anticancer drug, i.e.,... 相似文献
54.
The tannery effluents contain a high concentration of chromium (Cr). It drastically reduces the crop yield when used for irrigation purpose. A huge volume of tannery effluents is available as irrigation for crop production. It is negatively affecting germination as well as yield of the crop. The wheat seeds were exposed to five different concentrations of Cr (0, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm). In Petri plates, 100 seeds were placed and the germination percent was recorded after 72 hour (h). Root elongation and coleoptile growth were measured at 72, 120, 168, and 240 h. Results showed that the germination percent of the test crop decreased with increasing Cr levels. It decreased by 6, 14, 30, and 37 % under the Cr concentration of 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm, respectively. The root elongation was more sensitive than the coleoptile growth. The negative correlation was found between Cr levels and root elongation as well as coleoptile growth. These growth parameters were significantly affected up to 80 ppm of Cr level. The wheat growers using tannery effluent as irrigation should be well treated prior to application. 相似文献
55.
Sujay S. Kaushal Paul M. Mayer Philippe G. Vidon Rose M. Smith Michael J. Pennino Tamara A. Newcomer Shuiwang Duan Claire Welty Kenneth T. Belt 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(3):585-614
Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH4 and N2O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH4, N2O, and CO2 pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change. 相似文献
56.
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58.
Summary. We have isolated a caffeoylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid derivative, 3-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (3-CmQA), as a contact oviposition stimulant for the zebra swallowtail butterfly, Eruytides marcellus (Papilionidae), from the foliage of its primary host plant, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). This compound alone was as active in stimulating oviposition by females as were the parent ethanolic plant
extract and the host plant itself. Other tested isomers of 3-CmQA, including 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA or trans-chlorogenic acid), were inactive. We found, however, that experienced female butterflies responded strongly to host volatiles,
which enhanced landing rates and hence oviposition.? This is the first report of an oviposition stimulant for a swallowtail
butterfly of the tribe Graphiini. We found 3-CmQA to be the major caffeoylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid isomer in plants of the genus Asimina. These plants lack appreciable amounts of 5-CQA, which has been shown previously to be one of the oviposition stimulants
for certain Rutaceae- or Apiaceae-feeding swallowtails of the related tribe Papilionini.? Our findings, along with earlier
results from the tribes Troidini and Papilionini, suggest that responses by swallowtails to hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives
as oviposition cues date back at least to the ancestor of the subfamily Papilioninae.
Received 24 March 1998; accepted 27 May 1998. 相似文献
59.
Particle size distribution and its elemental composition in the ambient air of Delhi 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines the chemical composition of PM10, the thoracic fraction of the atmospheric particulate matter. An eight-stage Anderson impactor is used to separate the PM10 from other fractions with different aerodynamic behaviour at three different area representative sites in Delhi from February to May 1998. PM10 particulate are subdivided into two fractions, coarse (> 2.1-10 microns) and fine (< 2.1 microns). The concentrations of major heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Fe are determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The average concentration of coarse fraction of PM10 is found to be 68.3 +/- 17 micrograms/m3 while the fine fraction of PM10 is 71.3 +/- 15 micrograms/m3 for Delhi. Metal concentration (except Fe) in fine fraction exceeds by a factor of up to 6, as compared to that in the coarse fraction. In order to identify the major sources of fine and coarse fraction of PM10, principle component analysis (PCA) was undertaken and three major sources were identified, namely vehicular emissions, industrial emission, and soil resuspension. 相似文献
60.
Tripathi Shweta Choudhary Sonia Meena Alok Poluri Krishna Mohan 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2023,21(4):2085-2128
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Global warming is induced partly by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, calling for sustainable methods to sequester carbon. Here we review carbon capture,... 相似文献