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21.
In the 1990s, the obligation to assess transboundary environmental impacts has become part of international law. The UN/ECE Convention on environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a transboundary context, which entered into force in 1997, is one of the key documents. In this study, we show that difficulties with the practical implementation of the Convention arise partly from an incomplete sharing of the concept of EIA, and partly from different material interests on the part of the Parties to the Convention. Attempts to improve the practical implementation should recognize both aspects. Several approaches are thus needed for improving the implementation. Some will help in developing a mutual understanding of impact assessments, whereas others may help in overcoming differences in material interests. 相似文献
22.
Hatching asynchrony commonly induces a size hierarchy among siblings and the resultant competition for food between siblings
can often lead to starvation of the smallest chicks within a brood. We created herring gull (Larus argentatus) broods with varying degrees of hatching synchrony by manipulating the timing of incubation while maintaining the originally
laid eggs. The degree of hatching asynchrony affected sibling size hierarchy at the time of hatching of the last-hatched ”c-chick.”
In unmanipulated broods, there was no disadvantage of being a c-chick. However, when asynchrony was experimentally increased,
we found reduced survival of the c-chick only in the exaggerated asynchronous experimental group. The effects were observable
only during the first 10 days of chick life. We recorded no cases of the chicks dying of starvation. Furthermore, behavioral
observations indicated that there was no sibling competition, and no selective feeding of larger sibs in the study colony.
We propose that the observed lower survival rates of c-chicks in exaggerated asynchronous broods resulted from their lesser
motor abilities, affecting their chances of escaping predators. Fledging success for the whole colony was generally high and
almost half of all pairs fledged all three chicks, which is indicative of a good feeding environment. We argue that normal
hatching asynchrony is a favorable solution in a good feeding environment, but that increased asynchrony reduces breeding
success. We do not view asynchrony in the herring gull as an adaptation for brood reduction and propose instead that it may
come about because there has been selection for incubation to start before clutch completion.
Received: 14 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 20 October 1999 / Accepted: 23 January 2000 相似文献
23.
Mats Lindegarth Ulf Bergström Johanna Mattila Sergej Olenin Markku Ollikainen Anna-Leena Downie Göran Sundblad Martynas Bučas Martin Gullström Martin Snickars Mikael von Numers J. Robin Svensson Anna-Kaisa Kosenius 《Ambio》2014,43(1):82-93
We evaluated performance of species distribution models for predictive mapping, and how models can be used to integrate human pressures into ecological and economic assessments. A selection of 77 biological variables (species, groups of species, and measures of biodiversity) across the Baltic Sea were modeled. Differences among methods, areas, predictor, and response variables were evaluated. Several methods successfully predicted abundance and occurrence of vegetation, invertebrates, fish, and functional aspects of biodiversity. Depth and substrate were among the most important predictors. Models incorporating water clarity were used to predict increasing cover of the brown alga bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus and increasing reproduction area of perch Perca fluviatilis, but decreasing reproduction areas for pikeperch Sander lucioperca following successful implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Despite variability in estimated non-market benefits among countries, such changes were highly valued by citizens in the three Baltic countries investigated. We conclude that predictive models are powerful and useful tools for science-based management of the Baltic Sea. 相似文献
24.
Bashar Qasim Mikael Motelica-Heino Emmanuel Joussein Marilyne Soubrand Arnaud Gauthier 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(9):8367-8378
The phytoavailabilities and potential remobilization of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Sb were assessed in contaminated technosols from former mining and smelting sites. The PTE concentrations in soil pore water (SPW) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)-measured concentration (C DGT) methods were used to assess the bioavailabilities of PTE and their remobilization in this study. Together with classical Chelex-100 DGT probes to measure Zn, Cd, and Pb, novel ferrihydrite-backed DGT were used for As and Sb measurements alongside with Rhizon soil moisture sampler method for SPW sampling. To assess the phytoavailabilities of PTE, a germination test with dwarf beans as a plant indicator was used for this purpose. Dwarf bean primary leaves showed high Zn concentrations in contrast to Pb and Cd which showed low phytoavailabilities. Despite As and Sb are present in high concentrations in the mine tailings, their phytoavailabilities indicate very low bioavailabilities. The amounts of Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Sb extracted with DGT devices correlated well with the total dissolved PTE concentrations in the SPW. The highest R values were observed for Zn, followed by Cd and Pb, indicating the ability of the soil to sustain SPW concentrations, which decreased in that order. Good correlations were also observed between each of dissolved PTE concentrations in SPW, DGT-measured PTE concentrations (C DGT), and the accumulation of PTE in dwarf bean primary leaves. It could be concluded that the use of Rhizon soil moisture samplers and DGT methods may be considered to be a good methods to predict the PTE bioavailabilities in contaminated technosols. 相似文献
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27.
Coralie Chasset Jerker Jarsjö Mikael Erlström Vladimir Cvetkovic Georgia Destouni 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(5):1303-1318
Deep saline aquifers have large capacity for geological CO2 storage, but are generally not as well characterized as petroleum reservoirs. We here aim at quantifying effects of uncertain hydraulic parameters and uncertain stratigraphy on CO2 injectivity and migration, and provide a first feasibility study of pilot-scale CO2 injection into a multilayered saline aquifer system in southwest Scania, Sweden. Four main scenarios are developed, corresponding to different possible interpretations of available site data. Simulation results show that, on the one hand, stratigraphic uncertainty (presence/absence of a thin mudstone/claystone layer above the target storage formation) leads to large differences in predicted CO2 storage in the target formation at the end of the test (ranging between 11% and 98% of injected CO2 remaining), whereas other parameter uncertainty (in formation and cap rock permeabilities) has small impact. On the other hand, the latter has large impact on predicted injectivity, on which stratigraphic uncertainty has small impact. Salt precipitation at the border of the target storage formation affects CO2 injectivity for all considered scenarios and injection rates. At low injection rates, salt is deposited also within the formation, considerably reducing its availability for CO2 storage. 相似文献
28.
Mikael Drackner 《Waste management & research》2005,23(3):175-181
What is waste? To whom?--An anthropological perspective on garbage explores the fact that what constitutes waste is a highly subjective notion. In Tacna, Peru, the place from where this article draws its empirical material, waste is not only seen as a risk to public health and the environment. Some find it is a mere aesthetic inconvenience, for others it is the only source of income. Yet another way of perceiving waste is as a social contagion, in which the negative qualities of garbage are transmitted to surrounding people in the eyes of others. Such perceptions of waste, it is argued, are important parts of local waste management systems, and the understanding of such perceptions might increase the effectiveness of waste management campaigns. 相似文献
29.
Mikael Hult María Jos Martínez Canet Peter N. Johnston Kazuhisa Komura 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2002,60(3)
During the JCO-accident in Tokai-mura in 1999, the surrounding village was irradiated by an uncontrolled neutron flux. At some locations in that village, the thermal neutron flux was determined retrospectively by measurement of the very low activity of 51Cr and 60Co in stainless-steel spoons using γ-ray spectrometry in underground laboratories. Activities determined in the HADES underground facility are presented here, together with calibrations performed using a well-defined thermal neutron flux to directly estimate the fluence of thermal neutrons independent of most assumptions. The results show measurable 51Cr in three samples and 60Co in four samples taken from locations at distances of up to 430 m from the accident location despite the elapse of 4 half-lives of 51Cr before measurement. Effects of air transport of the samples were considered and shown to be negligible. 相似文献
30.
Johnston PN Hult M Gasparro J Martínez-Canet MJ Vasselli R McKenzie RJ Solomon SB Lambrichts I 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,80(2):245-257
It is possible to estimate radon exposure to man retrospectively by the in vivo measurement of the decay product (210)Pb, which accumulates in the bones. For in vivo methods, knowledge of the distribution of (210)Pb in the skeleton is needed to determine the optimal site for measurement, the skull or the knee. In this study the activity of (210)Pb in a variety of bone samples from 3 individuals have been measured in vitro using underground gamma-ray spectrometry. The individuals were unlikely to have had elevated intakes of Rn. These measurements give baseline data on the bone massic activity of (210)Pb. They show that the massic activity is similar for each of these people and there are similar massic activities of (210)Pb in the skull and the knee of the 2 individuals for which the skull was measured. Additionally for 2 of the individuals trabecular and cortical bone were separated and massic activities were found to be strongly correlated indicating that the (210)Pb is associated with the hydroxyapatite. 相似文献