聚合硅酸钛铝复合絮凝剂的结构及性能

为了克服有机絮凝剂的二次投加及有毒性的缺点,以硅酸钠、硫酸钛、硫酸铝为原料,制备了聚合硅酸钛铝(PTAS)无机高分子复合絮凝剂处理模拟江水。结果表明,在n(Ti+Al)∶n(Si)=1∶3,n(Ti)∶n(Al)=1∶5,模拟江水pH值为5～9.3,絮凝剂投加量为0.3 mmol/L(以金属离子计)时,PTAS对模拟江水的混凝效果最好,除浊率达到92.5%以上。此外,通过X-射线衍射说明聚硅酸与硫酸铝、硫酸钛不是单纯的原料复合;红外吸收光谱显示钛、铝离子及其水解聚合产物可与共存的聚硅酸生成Si—O—Al键和Ti—O—Si键;激光粒度分析表明PTAS在聚合过程中粒度并没有明显变化,但均比聚硅酸粒径大。     

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region (China): Characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.     

气候变化对浙江省大气污染的影响

开展气候变化对大气污染影响的研究有利于加深对大气污染形成机理的认识.利用1996-2015年浙江省大气成分、气象观测资料,分析气候变化对大气污染的影响.结果表明,近20 a来浙江省呈年高压天气日数增多、年均气温升高、降水集中及年均净辐射、日照时数、风速、气温日较差和水汽蒸发量都下降的气候变化事实.气候变化引起大气污染扩散能力下降,1996-2015年杭州市和浙江省年均大气扩散指数分别下降了0.55和0.81,降幅分别达35.71%和42.69%.大气扩散指数与ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）及年霾日数之间呈显著负相关,当大气扩散指数增大时,大气颗粒物浓度和年霾日数均下降,反之亦然.杭州市大气扩散指数与ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）之间的相关系数分别为0.73和0.76.杭州市和浙江省大气扩散指数与年霾日数之间的相关系数分别达到0.77和0.78,T检验值则分别为28.88和30.81,说明由气候变化引起的大气扩散能力改变是影响大气污染的重要原因,但不同大气成分受气候变化的影响程度不同.影响ρ（PM₁₀）的关键气候要素是降水量、风速及相对湿度等,影响ρ（PM_2.5）的主要是辐射、气温,影响ρ（SO₂）的主要是气温,影响ρ（NO₂）及ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）的主要是辐射.总体来说,浙江省近20 a的气候变化事实可能有利于促进ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）及ρ（O₃）等上升,促进ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NH₄+）等下降.      

矿山循环水中SO42-的脱除研究

采用吸附法、七铝酸十二钙法、石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法对矿山循环水中高浓度SO24-的脱除进行研究。结果表明:单纯采用吸附法来处理废水,处理后水中的SO24-远不能达到工业用水标准;实验室制备的七铝酸十二钙对SO24-的去除效果不理想,仅为35%,也无法达到工业用水标准;采用石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法处理废水时,当Al3+投加量为420mg/L,pH值为11时,去除率高达90%以上,可使废水中的SO24-质量浓度从1 800 mg/L降至200mg/L以下,完全可循环回用于矿山的选矿和采矿生产。     

Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China

This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010–2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen.     

邻里效应对牧户载畜率决策的影响——北方牧区的经验证据

草畜平衡管理已经在中国实施近20年,但天然草原超载过牧问题尚未得到根本解决,仍然是制约北方草原生态恢复和畜牧业健康发展的关键因素。如何进一步降低牧户载畜率,实现草畜平衡是亟待解决的问题。该研究基于社会经济学视角,理论分析了牧户载畜率决策邻里效应的存在性及其对牧户载畜率的影响效应、作用机制及异质性,并利用2020年在内蒙古、甘肃两省牧区对820户牧户的微观调查数据,采用线性均值模型、中介效应模型和分组回归等方法进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)牧户载畜率决策存在邻里效应,表现出"近墨者黑"特征,且这一效应在控制内生性后依旧存在;牧户会受邻里高载畜率、高超载过牧比例的消极驱动呈现出高载畜率和高超载过牧概率,从而陷入超载过牧的恶性循环。(2)机制分析表明,邻里效应通过提高牧户畜牧业预期收益和降低牧户的心理负担提升牧户载畜率。(3)调节作用分析表明,邻里效应会受到榜样群体的调节,村干部、党员、富人和能人等榜样群体的负向示范强化了载畜率决策的邻里效应,抑制牧户降低载畜率。(4)异质性分析表明,邻里效应在低载畜率、贫困牧户、汉族牧户和受教育程度高的牧户群体中作用更小;当政府外部生态监管严格和村域内部非正式制度健全时,邻里效应对牧户降低载畜率的抑制作用更小。根据以上结论,建议政府在微观草畜平衡管理中,通过打造高效畜牧业样板、树立生态典型、强化舆论压力、改善生态监管和注重政策瞄准等方式,破解载畜率决策邻里效应的负面影响,降低牧户载畜率。