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161.
Contributions of biofilm and suspended sludge to nitrogen transformation and
nitrous oxide emission in hybrid sequencing batch system 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ingwei Wayne Lo Kwang Victor Lo Don S Mavini Dean Shiskowski William Ramey 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(7):953-960
Hybrid system combines the nature of suspended growth and attached growth has been widely applied to wastewater treatment.
In this research, the contributions to N transformation and N2O emission by biofilm and suspended sludge in the hybrid sequencingbatch
reactor for a simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal process were investigated. For the hybrid system,
nitrification occurred mostly in the suspended sludge, while the biofilm played the major role in denitrification. The interaction of
the biofilm and the suspended sludge in the same reactor resulted in a better overall nitrogen removal performance with simultaneous
nitrification and denitrification. However, N2O emission was the main end product of nitrogen removal for the hybrid system; while
it was N2 for the biofilm. The relative low N2O emissions from the pure biofilm and the pure suspended sludge corresponded to the
relatively high nitrate at the end of the aeration period compared with the hybrid system. 相似文献
162.
163.
Will Allen Shaun Ogilvie Helen Blackie Des Smith Shona Sam James Doherty Don McKenzie James Ataria Lee Shapiro Jamie MacKay Elaine Murphy Chris Jacobson Charles Eason 《Environmental management》2014,53(2):429-440
The success of research in integrated environmental and natural resource management relies on the participation and involvement of different disciplines and stakeholders. This can be difficult to achieve in practice because many initiatives fail to address the underlying social processes required for successful engagement and social learning. We used an action research approach to support a research-based group with a range of disciplinary and stakeholder expertise to critically reflect on their engagement practice and identify lessons around how to collaborate more effectively. This approach is provided here as a guide that can be used to support reflective research practice for engagement in other integration-based initiatives. This paper is set in the context of an integrated wildlife management research case study in New Zealand. We illustrate how multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches can provide a framework for considering the different conversations that need to occur in an integrated research program. We then outline rubrics that list the criteria required in inter- and trans-disciplinary collaborations, along with examples of effective engagement processes that directly support integration through such efforts. Finally, we discuss the implications of these experiences for other researchers and managers seeking to improve engagement and collaboration in integrated science, management and policy initiatives. Our experiences reaffirm the need for those involved in integrative initiatives to attend to the processes of engagement in both formal and informal settings, to provide opportunities for critical reflective practice, and to look for measures of success that acknowledge the importance of effective social process. 相似文献
164.
Establishing where and when predators forage is essential to understanding trophic interactions, yet foraging behavior remains poorly understood in large marine carnivores. We investigated the factors leading to foraging success in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Northwest Atlantic in the first study to use simultaneous deployments of satellite transmitters, time depth recorders, and stomach-temperature loggers on a free-ranging marine mammal. Thirty-two seals were each fitted with the three types of instrumentation; however, complete records from all three instruments were obtained from only 13 individuals, underscoring the difficulty of such a multi-instrument approach. Our goal was to determine the characteristics of diving, habitat, and movement that predict feeding. We linked diving behavior to foraging success at two temporal scales: trips (days) and bouts (hours) to test models of optimal diving, which indicate that feeding can be predicted by time spent at the bottom of a dive. Using an information-theoretic approach, a Generalized Linear Mixed Model with trip duration and accumulated bottom time per day best explained the number of feeding events per trip, whereas the best predictor of the number of feeding events per bout was accumulated bottom time. We then tested whether characteristics of movement were predictive of feeding. Significant predictors of the number of feeding events per trip were angular variance (i.e., path tortuosity) and distance traveled per day. Finally, we integrated measures of diving, movement, and habitat at four temporal scales to determine overall predictors of feeding. At the 3-h scale, mean bottom time and distance traveled were the most important predictors of feeding frequency, whereas at the 6-h and 24-h time scales, distance traveled alone was most important. Bathymetry was the most significant predictor of feeding at the 12-h interval, with feeding more likely to occur at deeper depths. Our findings indicate that several factors predict feeding in gray seals, but predictor variables differ across temporal scales such that environmental variation becomes important at some scales and not others. Overall, our results illustrate the value of simultaneously recording and integrating multiple types of information to better understand the circumstances leading to foraging success. 相似文献
165.
Don Moster 《环境质量管理》2000,10(2):31-34
Pollution prevention is among the most cost‐effective environmental quality management tools —and P2 projects can yield ongoing savings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
166.
Fardin Oliaei Don Kriens Roland Weber Alan Watson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):1977-1992
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS-related substances have been listed as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention. From August 2012, Parties to the Convention needed to address the use, storage, and disposal of PFOS—including production sites and sites where PFOS wastes have been deposited—in their national implementation plans. The paper describes the pollution in Minnesota (USA) caused by the 3M Company at one of the largest per/polyfluorinated chemical (PFC) production facilities. From early 1950s until the end of 2002, when 3M terminated PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) production, PFOS, PFOA, and other PFC production wastes were disposed around the plant and in local disposal sites. Discharges from the site and releases from deposits caused widespread contamination of ground and surface waters including local drinking water wells. Fish in the river downstream were contaminated with PFOS to levels that led to fish consumption advisories. Human exposures resulted from ingesting contaminated drinking water, requiring installation of water treatment facilities and alternate water supplies. The critical evaluation of the assessments done revealed a range of gaps in particular of human exposure where relevant exposure pathways including the entire exposure via food have not been taken into consideration. Currently, the exposure assessment of vulnerable groups such as children or Hmong minorities is inadequate and needs to be improved/validated by epidemiological studies. The assessment methodology described for this site may serve—with highlighted improvements—as a model for assessment of other PFOS/PFC production sites in the Stockholm Convention implementation. 相似文献
167.
Hal Westberg Ken Sexton Don Flyckt 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):661-664
The purpose of this paper is to describe ozone production in forest slash burn plumes. Plumes from controlled fires in the state of Washington were monitored using an instrumented aircraft. Ozone, oxides of nitrogen, condensation nuclei, and visual range (nephelometer) were measured continuously on board the plane. Airborne grab samples were collected for detailed hydrocarbon analysis. The slash burn plumes were found to contain significant quantities of ozone. A buildup of 40–50 ppb above the ambient background ozone concentrations was not unusual. Hydrocarbon analyses revealed the presence of many photochemically reactive olefins in the plume. Hydrocarbon/NO x ratios were favorable for photochemical oxidant production. 相似文献
168.
Effects of biodegradation and sorption by humic acid on the estrogenicity of 17β-estradiol 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) by biodegradation and sorption onto humic acid (HA) was examined at various HA concentrations. Subsequently, estrogenicity associated with E2 removal was estimated using E-screen bioassay. Results showed that E2 biodegradation and its subsequent transformation to estrone (E1) were significantly reduced with increasing HA concentration. In addition, the presence of nutrients enhanced the biodegradation of E2. Overall, E2 biodegradation was the dominating contributor to its removal, which demonstrated a significantly negative correlation with E2 sorption at various HA concentrations. The sorption of E2 by HA was significantly enhanced with increasing HA concentration. Estrogenicity associated with residual E2 showed that there existed a significant difference among various HA concentrations, with the lowest value in the absence of HA. The findings suggest that the presence of HA and nutrients in natural waters should be considered in assessing estrogenicity of environmental samples due to complex sorption and biodegradation processes. 相似文献
169.
Anthony R. Olsen Joseph Sedransk Don Edwards Carol A. Gotway Walter Liggett Stephen Rathbun Kenneth H. Reckhow Linda J. Yyoung 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,54(1):1-45
The United States funds a number of national monitoring programs to measure the status and trends of ecological and natural resources. Each of these programs has a unique focus; the scientific objectives are different as are the sample designs. However, individuals and committees, all well aware of the cost of ecological monitoring, have called for more effective monitoring programs. The objective of this paper is to summarize existing programs' statistical designs and discuss potential alternatives for improvement in national monitoring. Can we improve the current situation by providing an overall framework for the design or analysis of data from these disparate surveys? First, the paper summarizes the objectives of these surveys, compares and contrasts their survey designs as currently implemented, and determines what variables they collect. Through this process we identify commonalities and issues that impact our ability to combine information across one or more of the surveys. Three potential alternatives are presented, leading to comprehensive monitoring in the United States. 相似文献
170.
Senavirathna Mudalige Don Hiranya Jayasanka Zhaozhi Liu Fujino Takeshi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(23):34475-34485
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastics are one of the most widely discussed environmental issues worldwide. Several studies have shown the effect of microplastic exposure on... 相似文献