Electronic elasticity-toxicity relationships for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin congeners

SCF-MO computations have been performed on tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin congeners (PCDD) using an MNDO-PM3 Hamiltonian. Qualitative relationships were developed between empirical, international-toxic equivalence factors for PCDD congeners and their relative (specific) polarizabilities and mean values of second hyperpolarizabilities estimated using finite-field theory.     

Effect of UV radiation and artificial acid rain on productivity of wheat

Responses of physiological parameters to UV irradiation of seeds and acid spraying of plants grown from them have been studied in several wheat species. It has been shown that, in a given species, presowing UV irradiation alone and combined UV and acid treatment generally produce a similar effect. Moreover, they have no significant influence on the yielding capacity of most species and, in some cases, even improve this parameter. All the species studied may be regarded as tolerant of these stress factors.     

Saving Energy and Reducing Emission When Recycling Acetone dudng the Production of Soy Phospholipid

Acetone,which is volatile,flammable,toxic,expen- sive and causing serious air pollution,is often used as extracting solvent in the production of powdery soy phospholipid.Recycling and reusing acetone is the key of reducing the cost of production. Therefore,saving energy and reducing emission when recycling acetone are the most important technologies during the production of phospholipid.On the basis of the productivity of powdery phospholipid being 2.4 t every day,43.2 t acetone is reused every 8 h and t...     

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEHRAN REGION IN IRAN1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a system approach to water resources development in Tehran Metropolitan Area, with its complex system of water supply and demands, is discussed. Water resources in this region include water storage in the Lar, Latyan, and Karaj reservoirs, the Tehran aquifer, as well as water discharge in local rivers and in drainage channels (mainly supplied by urban runoff and wastewater). This study consists of three phases of long‐term water resources planning and management in the Tehran metropolitan area. In each phase, a different level of details among different components of the system is considered. In the first phase, optimal operating policies for Tehran reservoirs and a decision support system are developed. In the second phase, interactions between surface and ground water resources as well as surface runoffs and wastewater disposal in different subareas are investigated. The water table fluctuations as a result of implementing sewerage collection project was also simulated. In the last phase, long‐term scenarios for water resources and agricultural development in the Southern part of Tehran are defined, and the effects of each scenario on the quality and quantity of surface and ground water resources are studied.     

Biotic Ligand Model的简化模型及预测性能评价

通过检索4物种(Fathead minnow、D.magna、D.pulex、Rainbow trout)在地表水中实测的铜半致死浓度(Observed_LC50),及Biotic Ligand Model(BLM)预测其半致死浓度(Predicted_LC50),得到4物种的预测精度依次为0.075、0.52、0.96、0.29,模型对Fathead minnow与Rainbow trout的预测性能较差.在此基础上,分析显示预测误差值与LA50呈指数关系,表明LA50值并非常数值.通过对BLM的LA50的校正,Fathead minnow与Rainbow trout的预测精度升为0.59、0.42.通过分析LA50与硬度的关系,发现BLM在软水环境中预测效果较差.另外,随机均匀生成500组水质参数组,通过BLM预测,筛选出4项敏感参数为DOC、pH、HCO-3浓度及温度,并建立相应物种的LC50与其的多元线性关系,大大简化了生物配位模型.     

DBD协同CuO/MnO2耦合生物滴滤塔降解氯苯的工艺性能分析

以氯苯为目标污染物,选择CuO/MnO_2作为耦合系统中的催化剂,采用介质阻挡放电(Dielectric Barrier Discharge,DBD)技术协同催化作为生物系统的预处理技术,开展废气净化的研究.实验结果发现,耦合生物滴滤塔(Biotrickling Filter,BTF)和单一生物滴滤塔系统分别在13 d和15 d内完成挂膜,氯苯的去除率分别达到100%和97%.稳定运行期,停留时间(EBRT)为90 s时,单一BTF在处理低进气浓度氯苯废气时,去除效果与耦合系统相当;进气浓度较大时,耦合系统的处理效果要明显优于单一BTF.EBRT缩短至45 s时,无论氯苯进气浓度高或低,耦合系统的处理效果均优于单一BTF.单一BTF的最大去除负荷(Eliminatory Capacity,ECmax)为41 g·m~(-3)·h~(-1),在同样实验条件下,耦合系统未达到最大去除负荷,而耦合系统和单一BTF对氯苯的矿化率分别为95%和86%.DBD协同催化能有效改善BTF对于高进气负荷氯苯废气的处理,预处理工艺能强化BTF对氯苯废气的彻底净化.通过对各功能单元对氯苯去除的贡献分析,发现DBD协同CuO/MnO_2工艺主要负责转化氯苯,BTF下段填料主要负责预处理工艺产生的中间产物的矿化,BTF上段填料主要负责剩余氯苯的去除及其矿化.     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

Bacterial community response to petroleum contamination in brackish tidal marsh sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

The brackish tidal marsh in the Baimaosha area of the Yangtze River Estuary was severely contaminated by 400 tons of heavy crude petroleum from a tanker that sank in December 2012. The spill accident led to severe environmental damage owing to its high toxicity, persistence and wide distribution. Microbial communities play vital roles in petroleum degradation in marsh sediments. Therefore, taxonomic analysis, high-throughput sequencing and 16S rRNA functional prediction were used to analyze the structure and function of microbial communities among uncontaminated (CK), lightly polluted (LP), heavily polluted (HP), and treated (TD) sediments. The bacterial communities responded with increased richness and decreased diversity when exposed to petroleum contamination. The dominant class changed from Deltaproteobacteria to Gammaproteobacteria after petroleum contamination. The phylum Firmicutes increased dramatically in oil-enriched sediment by 75.78%, 346.19% and 267.26% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. One of the suspected oil-degrading genera, Dechloromonas, increased the most in oil-contaminated sediment, by 540.54%, 711.27% and 656.78% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. Spore protease, quinate dehydrogenase (quinone) and glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, three types of identified enzymes, increased enormously with the increasing petroleum concentration. In conclusion, petroleum contamination altered the community composition and microorganism structure, and promoted some bacteria to produce the corresponding degrading enzymes. Additionally, the suspected petroleum-degrading genera should be considered when restoring oil-contaminated sediment.     

A meteorologically adjusted ensemble Kalman filter approach for inversing daily emissions: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China

The conventional Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which is now widely used to calibrate emission inventories and to improve air quality simulations, is susceptible to simulation errors of meteorological inputs, making accurate updates of high temporal-resolution emission inventories challenging. In this study, we developed a novel meteorologically adjusted inversion method (MAEInv) based on the EnKF to improve daily emission estimations. The new method combines sensitivity analysis and bias correction to alleviate the inversion biases caused by errors of meteorological inputs. For demonstration, we used the MAEInv to inverse daily carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. In the case study, 60% of the total CO simulation biases were associated with sensitive meteorological inputs, which would lead to the overestimation of daily variations of posterior emissions. Using the new inversion method, daily variations of emissions shrank dramatically, with the percentage change decreased by 30%. Also, the total amount of posterior CO emissions estimated by the MAEInv decreased by 14%, indicating that posterior CO emissions might be overestimated using the conventional EnKF. Model evaluations using independent observations revealed that daily CO emissions estimated by MAEInv better reproduce the magnitude and temporal patterns of ambient CO concentration, with a higher correlation coefficient (R, +37.0%) and lower normalized mean bias (NMB, -17.9%). Since errors of meteorological inputs are major sources of simulation biases for both low-reactive and reactive pollutants, the MAEInv is also applicable to improve the daily emission inversions of reactive pollutants.