Adsorption of naphthalene onto a high-surface-area carbon from waste ion exchange resin

A high-surface-area carbon (KC-1) was prepared from waste polystyrene-based ion exchange resin by KOH activation and used for naphthalene adsorption. The carbon exhibited a good hydrophobic nature with developed porous structure, favoring the adsorption of organic compounds. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and total pore volume of KC-1 were 3442.2 and 1.68 cm 3 /g, respectively, which can be compared with those of KOH-activated carbons prepared from other precursors. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of naphthalene onto KC-1. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Polanyi- Manes isotherms and agreed with the Polanyi-Manes Model. The adsorption of naphthalene depended greatly on the porosity of the carbon, and the dispersive interactions between naphthalene and carbon could be relatively weak. The pH variation in aqueous solution had little effect on the adsorption process. The equilibrium time for 0.04 g/L of carbon dose was around 5 hr. Different models were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the pseudo second-order model was suitable to describe the kinetic process of naphthalene adsorption onto KC-1. Regeneration of spent carbon could be carried out effectively by alcohol treatment. The results indicated that KC-1 was a promising adsorbent for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions.     

环丙沙星在污水处理过程中的迁移转化及对污水生物处理的影响

环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)是一种被广泛用于人类医学和动物疾病预防的抗生素类药物,在自然环境中普遍存在,以前的研究主要集中在采用不同方式对环境介质中的CIP进行吸附降解及CIP的药物作用上,有关其在污水处理过程中的迁移转化及对污水生物处理的影响尚不得而知.基于此,本文通过CIP在活性污泥处理污水中的迁移转化实验,解析其对污水生物处理过程的影响.实验结果表明:CIP的去除途径主要为生物吸附,且对低浓度CIP(0.003、0.03和0.3 mg·L~(-1))有较好的吸附效果,但高浓度CIP(3和6 mg·L~(-1))很难被去除;CIP短期/长期暴露对污泥活性及污泥生物细胞完整性无显著影响,但长期暴露会显著提高活性污泥沉降性能,同时会降低生物脱氮除磷的效率.CIP(0.05、0.5、5 mg·L~(-1))的存在使磷的去除率从97.1%±1.2%分别下降到95.8%±0.9%、89.1%±0.6%和74.3%±0.7%,出水中氨氮的去除率从96.1%±1.1%分别下降到94.6%±0.8%、87.9%±0.4%和70.2%±0.6%.机理实验表明,CIP通过抑制好氧阶段和缺氧阶段胞内聚合物聚羟基脂肪酸酯和糖原的转化来抑制磷的吸收和反硝化过程,这是CIP影响生物脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,亚硝酸盐还原酶和多磷酸激酶的活性也受到CIP的抑制.     

利用硅灰石原位改善厌氧消化微生物电解池的产气特性

厌氧消化-微生物电解池(Anaerobic digestion-Microbial electrolysis cell,AD-MEC)具有有机物降解速度快、降解率高的优点,但其所产沼气中依然存在CO_2含量较高的问题.为降低AD-MEC所产沼气中CO_2的含量,本研究将矿物碳酸化耦合入AD-MEC中,研究添加硅灰石对AD-MEC中CO_2的固定效果.实验结果表明,添加硅灰石可使AD-MEC中CO_2产生量减少40.0%,沼气中CO_2含量从10.0%±1.3%减少到4.5%±1.1%;X射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析表明了CaCO_3沉淀的生成,证明硅灰石介导矿物碳酸化固定了AD-MEC中的CO_2.此外,添加硅灰石使Ca~(2+)溶出,缓冲了pH,减轻了厌氧消化产酸阶段对产甲烷菌的抑制,促进了有机物的降解,可溶性化学需氧量(SCOD)去除率提高了11.2%,并使CH_4产量提高18.0%,CH_4产率达到305 mL·g~(-1),沼气中CH_4含量达到95.5%±1.2%.硅灰石的添加实现了AD-MEC中CO_2的原位捕获,同时增益了厌氧消化效果,提高了甲烷产量.     

硫酸参与的湿热流域化学风化对河流水化学影响研究综述

河流水化学组成可以提供反映流域内岩石化学风化过程及河流离子来源等生物地球化学的信息。化学风化是全球碳循环的重要环节,湿热流域的水热条件可以促进流域岩石化学风化。硫酸和碳酸一样可以作为侵蚀介质参与流域岩石的化学风化,硫酸参与的湿热流域碳酸盐类化学风化可释放CO₂,但其参与的硅酸盐类化学风化对大气CO₂没有显著影响,故若不考虑硫酸作用将会导致对岩石化学风化作用下大气CO₂消耗通量的高估。水化学组成受到流域岩石化学风化的影响,通过对河流水化学组成和溶解无机碳（DIC）稳定同位素组成（δ¹³C）的分析可以确定河流水化学类型并揭示硫酸对流域岩石化学风化的定量影响。目前关于硫酸对河流水化学影响的研究逐渐增多,未来关于小流域尺度上硫酸对河流水化学的影响、硫酸影响下河流CO₂的脱气过程以及人类活动对河流水化学的影响等方面需要更多关注。     

Enrichment and transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through dust aerosol generation from soil to the air

● Compositional patterns of PAHs in dust aerosol vary from soil during dust generation. ● The EF of PAH in dust aerosol is affected by soil texture and soil PAH concentration. ● The sizes of dust aerosol play an important role in the enrichment of HMW-PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major organic pollutants in soil. It is known that they are released to the atmosphere by wind via dust aerosol generation. However, it remains unclear how these pollutants are transferred through the air/soil interface. In this study, dust aerosols were generated in the laboratory using soils (sandy loam and loam) with various physicochemical properties. The PAH concentrations of these soils and their generated dust aerosol were measured, showing that the enrichment factors (EFs) of PAHs were affected by soil texture, PAH contamination level, molecular weight of PAH species and aerosol sizes. The PAHs with higher EFs (6.24–123.35 in dust PM_2.5; 7.02–47.65 in dust PM₁₀) usually had high molecular weights with more than four aromatic rings. In addition, the positive correlation between EFs of PAHs and the total OC_aerosol content of dust aerosol in different particle sizes was also statistically significant (r = 0.440, P < 0.05). This work provides insights into the relationship between atmospheric PAHs and the contaminated soils and the transfer process of PAHs through the soil-air interface.     

钢铁企业安全生产现状与问题分析

随着我国钢铁企业安全生产标准化的不断深入开展，钢铁企业安全生产状况趋于稳步好转。本文分析了钢铁企业安全生产的现状，并就近年来大中型钢铁企业安全生产事故情况进行了统计分析，对存在的问题进行了深入的探讨，提出了相应的改进对策与建议。     

密云水库上游流域不同林分土壤有机碳分布特征

在全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤有机碳库作为全球土壤碳库的重要组成部分,已成为全球碳循环研究的重点之一。以密云水库上游流域天然次生山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）混交林、天然次生辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica Blume）林、人工华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.）林、人工油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）林和灌丛等5种典型林分为研究对象,选取典型样区,进行密集采样和试验分析,探讨了不同林分土壤有机碳质量分数和密度的分布特征。结果表明：在整个土壤剖面上（0~40 cm）,不同林分土壤有机碳质量分数和密度大小顺序均为：杨桦林〉辽东栎林〉灌丛〉落叶松林〉油松林,总体上呈现出随土地利用强度和人为干扰程度增加而降低的变化趋势,即天然次生林比人工林更有利于土壤有机碳的储存和积累;不同林分类型土壤有机碳质量分数和密度均在表层（0~10 cm）最大,并随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,剖面分布差异明显;此外,不同林分在0~20 cm土层中的单位面积土壤有机碳储量均占其剖面总储量的57%以上,即土壤有机碳富集在0~20 cm深的表层土体中。因此,为增加森林土壤固碳,应加强对天然次生林的保护,减少人类活动对森林及其表土层的干扰。     

餐厨废弃油脂处理管理和资源化利用探讨

“地沟油”的不当处理不仅影响城市水环境,而且威胁着人们的身体健康。餐厨废弃油脂的管理已经成为广受关注的食品安全的重大问题。介绍了餐厨废弃油脂处理管理的重要意义,并对上海的管理实践和经验进行了分析总结,提出了对餐厨废弃油脂回收处理管理和资源化利用的若干建议。     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

我国与国际空气污染指数系统的比较

通过对中国内地、中国香港、韩国和美国的空气污染指数系统进行比较,结果发现,中国内地API系统在污染分级描述、数据的时空代表性、污染物种类和污染分级的浓度限值等方面与其他系统存在很大的差别.同时,以珠三角区域空气质量监控网的天湖、万顷沙和荃湾3个站点2005～2007年的数据为依据,评价了在中国现行的评级系统中加入O3和PM2.5对API水平和首要污染物的影响,并讨论了采用不同的污染物浓度限值对臭氧和颗粒物分指数的影响,最后从科学研究和环境管理的角度论述了修订我国API评级系统的必要性.