水体中抗生素的检测及去除方法研究综述

抗生素是目前世界上应用最广泛的药物之一。大量抗生素的使用,不可避免地给自然环境造成巨大的压力。由于污水截流不彻底等原因,工业、养殖及医疗活动等进入环境中的抗生素通过各种途径进入饮用水体,对水质安全及人类健康构成威胁。针对抗生素对水环境造成的污染,讨论目前国内外水环境中抗生素检测技术和去除手段的研究情况,主要对水中抗生素的富集方法、仪器检测及臭氧氧化去除技术进行分析,最后对抗生素污染的研究方向进行了展望。     

Effects and mechanism of freeze-thawing cycles on the soil N2O fluxes in the temperate semi-arid steppe

High nitrous oxide(N2O) emissions during freeze-thawing period(FTP) have been observed in many different ecosystems. However, the knowledge about the dynamic of soil N_2O emissions and its main driving mechanism during the freeze-thawing processes in grassland ecosystem is still limited. An in-situ experiment was conducted during the FTP on the sites with 0 and 15% surplus of the average rainfall and two levels of N addition(0,10 g N/(m~2·year)) during growing season(marked as W0N0, W15N0, W0N10, W15N10, respectively) to explore the effects of water and N background on soil N_2O emissions during FTPs and the relationship between soil N_2O emissions and environmental factors. The results indicated that water and N treatments conducted during growing season did not show significant effect on the N_2O effluxes of FTP, but the soil mineral N contents of W0N10 treatment were significantly higher than those of W0N0, W15N0, W15N10treatments(p 0.05). The soil PLFA concentrations of microbial groups monitored during 2015 spring freeze-thawing period(2015S-FTP) were lower than those during winter freeze-thawing period of 2014(2014W-FTP), while cumulative soil N_2O emissions of 2015S-FTP were higher than those of 2014W-FTP. The correlations between soil N_2O effluxes and most of the measured environmental factors were insignificant, multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the soil temperature, soil NH_4~+-N content and air temperature were the major environmental factors which significantly influenced the N_2O effluxes during 2014W-FTP, and air temperature and soil water content were the significant influencing factors during 2015S-FTP.     

神定河流域水质空间变化特征研究

依据2016年神定河流域20个采样点的水质调查数据,应用综合污染指数分析和聚类分析方法对神定河流域水质空间变化特征进行分析,并采用判别分析对神定河流域水质空间差异性进行检验。结果表明:将神定河流域各采样点进行水质空间聚类分析,可分为A、B、C、D 4类,其中A类为水质污染程度严重的1类污染区,B类为水质污染程度较重的2类污染区,C类为水质污染程度一般的3类污染区,D类为水质污染程度较轻的4类污染区;水质综合污染指数分析与聚类分析结果基本吻合;水质空间差异性判别分析检验结果显示,仅用氨氮、石油类污染物和高锰酸盐指数3个水质指标就能较为完整地反映神定河流域水质的空间差异性特征。     

气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中的黄磷方法比较研究

对气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷的方法进行了比较.在一定浓度范围内,气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷得到的标准工作曲线线性均良好;当取样体积为250 mL时,气相色谱法和分光光度法测定水中黄磷的检出限分别为0.1 μg/L和2.0 μg/L,均符合《地表水环境质量标准》的要求;两种方法的精密度均符合实验方法要求;方法也均具有较强的抗干扰能力;气相色谱法和分光光度法测定实际水样中的黄磷,相对偏差均小于5.0%.     

接种物浓度和负荷对餐厨垃圾消化性能及产气动力学的影响

为探析接种物浓度(Biomass concentration,BC)和负荷(Organic loading rate,OLR)对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能及产气动力学的影响,在中温批次厌氧消化反应器中进行BC和OLR梯度试验,采用理化分析探析各反应器的性能参数,并采用一阶模型和modified Gompertze模型评价各反应器的产气动力学特征.试验结果表明,超负荷会降低反应器运行效率,影响过程稳定性,而提高BC可以减少单位细胞承受的有机负荷,有利于优化厌氧消化过程.产甲烷阶段是餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的限速步骤,各实验条件下水解速率常数(k)始终大于产甲烷速率常数(R_m').OLR和BC对k和R_m'的影响是波动的,从两个参数的数值上无法判断反应器的稳定性.相比之下,高效运行的反应器k/R_m'保持在(2.54±0.62),k/R_m'随OLR的增加及BC的下降单调递增,而随着k/R_m'增加,反应器运行效率下降.这从反应动力学上证实了增加OLR会加剧产酸和耗酸过程的不匹配,引起反应器失稳;而提高的BC浓度有利于缓解这种失衡,对保证反应器的过程稳定具有重要意义.     

施氮对小麦硒(Ⅵ)吸收、转运和分配的影响

为揭示施氮对小麦硒吸收,转运和分配的影响,通过合理施氮提高小麦硒的利用效率提供理论参考,本研究通过盆栽试验,设置Se1(0.74 mg·kg~(-1))和Se2(2.60 mg·kg~(-1))两个硒酸盐处理;每个硒水平又设为N1(100 mg·kg~(-1))和N2(200mg·kg~(-1))两个氮水平,分别测定了小麦拔节期和成熟期各器官生物量及硒含量.结果表明,升高氮水平使Se1和Se2处理小麦籽粒产量分别提高了13.2%和24.0%.与氮素施用量无关,升高外源硒水平能显著提高小麦各器官中硒含量(P0.01),且以N1处理时效果更显著;Se1处理升高氮水平对小麦硒吸收的促进作用大于Se2处理,Se1和Se2处理升高氮水平使得小麦籽粒硒含量分别提高了22.6%和12.1%.各器官中硒总量占植株硒总量的百分比的大小顺序与富集系数相同,依次为茎叶籽粒颖壳根,升高氮水平促进了小麦根部对硒的吸收和富集,以及营养生长阶段硒向地上部的运移,并使Se1和Se2处理小麦籽粒中的硒总量占植株硒总量的百分比分别提高了11.1%(P0.05)和25.9%(P0.05).因此,施用氮肥可以调控硒的有效性,缺硒地区合理升高氮水平提高了小麦产量及硒含量,而在富硒或硒中毒地区合理施氮肥可缓解硒对小麦的毒害作用.     

异味污染评价与治理研究进展

本文对国内外异味污染评价技术,包括异味污染评价指标、采样技术和测定方法、异味污染预测模型以及异味间相互作用进行了综述,同时对异味污染治理技术进行了简要介绍.     

An optimization approach for sustainable release of e-flows for lake restoration and preservation: Model development and a case study of Baiyangdian Lake, China

In this paper, we describe the development of a model for the sustainable release of e-flows from the regional water resource infrastructure (e.g., reservoirs, rivers with available water) for lake restoration and preservation, and use the model in a case study of Baiyangdian Lake, China. First, we define the sustainable environmental flows (e-flows), with an emphasis on the ecological importance of temporal variation in factors such as water level (depth). By analyzing historical data on the suitable range of water levels in the lake, we evaluated fluctuations using canonical correspondence analysis and frequency distribution analysis. The temporal variations required by the ecosystem of the lake were also assessed. Based on this approach, we developed an optimization model for sustainable release of e-flows. We used the adaptive genetic algorithm approach to solve the model and determine the required release of e-flows. Scenario analysis then provided a range of potential management strategies for the e-flows. The optimal results are helpful to the lake managers to establish sustainable e-flow release schemes for the lake restoration and preservation.     

A flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) gill cell line as in vitro acute assay system of nonylphenol cytotoxicity

A cell line (FG cells) derived from a gill of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of nonylphenol (NP). Cytotoxicity was measured by three endpoint systems: neutral red (NR) uptake assay, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and cell protein assay. The result showed that NP was cytotoxic to FG cells at all tested concentrations, and toxicity increased as the concentration of NP was progressively increased. The 24 h-IC₅₀ values of NP were 39.81, 37.76 and 38.22 ??mol/L for NR uptake, MTT assay and cell protein assay, respectively. Moreover, the morphological changes of FG cells were also studied at the concentration of 30 ??mol/L for 24 h. Cells morphology were markedly altered by NP observed under a scanning electron microscopy, as evidenced by swelling cells, two and more nucleolus and an increased number of lipid particles. This would suggest that the FG cell line is a suitable bioindicator for the screening of the acute toxicity of NP.     

An integrated approach for spatio-temporal variability analysis of wetlands: a case study of Abaya and Chamo lakes, Ethiopia

Starting with the intensification of irrigation activities in the beginning of 1980s in Abaya and Chamo lakes area, the decreasing water inflow to the lakes caused denudation of the wetlands. The ecological situation in the lake region changed significantly during last four decades. The lakes and associated wetlands change have been studied using Landsat MSS (1973), Landsat TM (1986), and Ladsat ETM (2000) satellite imagery. Along with satellite imagery, other hydro-meteorological data were collected and hydro-meteorological data analyses were done to assess the variability of wetlands. From these data, lakes morphometric property estimation at different time series and water balance analysis for both lakes were done. Wetlands are mapped from the TCT image and these maps are subject to change detection to see the temporal and spatial variability of the wetlands. Moreover, the lake-morphometric area and volume variation have been studied. The result showed that between 1986 and 2000, a significant reduction has been observed but lesser than the previous decades (6.4 km(2)). The identified reason behind this change is that the free settlement and shoreline cultivation of the wetlands causing the soil erosion and eventually adds the sediment to the wetlands.