改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应和土壤环境质量的影响

通过大田示范试验,研究了钙基改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效应及对土壤理化性质、团聚体结构、土壤酶活性和玉米体内Cd累积特征的影响.结果表明,向弱碱性土壤中添加改性生物炭提高了土壤pH值、有效态阳离子交换量和有机质含量.与对照相比,添加钙基改性生物炭后土壤有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）含量的降幅达到12.0%~30.2%,且Cd赋存形态由活性较高的可交换态和可还原态向更稳定的残渣态转变.改性生物炭的施加明显降低了Cd在植物体内富集的风险,玉米根、茎、叶和籽粒中Cd含量明显受到抑制,3种玉米品种籽粒中Cd含量较对照分别下降了52.65%~72.56%（郑单958）、37.54%~50.80%（蠡玉16）和23.60%~51.20%（三北218）.添加改性生物炭在一定程度上改善了土壤环境质量,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随着改性生物炭施加量的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势.改性生物炭处理下,5~8 mm和2~5 mm粒级团聚体所占比例增加,而≤ 0.25 mm粒级团聚体占比有所下降,团聚体平均几何直径（GMD）和平均质量直径（MWD）分别增加了10.35%~29.34%和13.20%~27.03%,显示土壤团聚体稳定性增加.玉米籽粒中（郑单958）Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系（p<0.01）.研究表明,钙基改性生物炭在钝化修复弱碱性Cd污染土壤和改善土壤环境质量方面具有一定的研究前景和可行性.     

过硫酸钠对我国典型土壤中多环芳烃氧化降解效果的影响

过硫酸钠是污染土壤化学氧化修复技术中应用较为广泛的氧化剂.为研究过硫酸钠对不同土壤中PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的修复效果,以我国多种典型土壤（黑土、潮土、黄土、紫色土、褐土、砖红壤）为试验样本,以萘、菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘5种PAHs为目标污染物,分析活化过硫酸钠对人为老化的降解率;此外,通过对氧化前后土壤pH、w（有机碳）等土壤性质变化的比较和分析,探讨氧化修复过程对土壤性质的影响.结果表明:当活化过硫酸钠用量为0.8 mmol/g、温度为25℃时,PAHs污染土壤中萘、菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘的降解率最高,分别为87.82%、79.68%、87.93%、83.40%、94.31%.随着温度的升高,PAHs降解率逐渐升高,当温度达到25℃时,PAHs的降解率（85.69%）达到最高,随后随着温度的继续升高,总PAHs的降解率没有明显增加;随着pH的升高,PAHs的降解率逐渐升高,当pH达到6~7时,PAHs降解率维持在一个较高水平;随后随着pH的继续升高,总PAHs的降解率逐渐降低.随着温度以及pH的变化,5种PAHs的降解率与总PAHs的降解率变化趋势一致. w（有机碳）越低,PAHs环数越高,PAHs降解率越高;高环（5~6环）、中环（4环）、低环（2~3环）PAHs降解率与总PAHs降解率变化趋势一致.此外,过硫酸钠氧化修复后土壤结构遭到一定程度的破坏,土壤的pH、w（有机碳）和土壤肥力会有不同程度的下降,对土壤的再次利用有较大影响.研究显示,过硫酸钠可有效氧化降解不同性质土壤中PAHs,在氧化修复PAHs污染土壤方面具有较好的应用前景.      

小球藻对土壤-水稻系统砷化学形态转化的影响

为揭示绿藻对土壤-水稻系统砷形态转化的影响特征,系统分析了不同浓度小球藻共存条件下水稻土砷氧化还原与溶解释放行为的变化,并结合水稻培育试验,对小球藻影响水稻砷吸收与体内砷形态的发生机制进行探讨.试验设置对照组及小球藻浓度（以体积分数计）分别为1%、5%、10%的处理,研究了小球藻对溶液体系、淹水土壤体系和淹水土壤-水稻体系中砷的化学形态转化的作用.结果表明:加藻组使As（Ⅲ）溶液和淹水土壤E_h（氧化还原电位）与pH均普遍高于对照组.在As（Ⅲ）溶液体系中,加藻组As（Ⅲ）氧化转化率较对照组升高2.38%~4.95%,该作用在淹水土壤中得到印证,小球藻的共存使土壤孔隙水ρ[As（Ⅴ）]较对照组升高129.22%~221.41%,而ρ（甲基砷）出现显著下降（5.25%~53.31%）.水稻栽培试验进一步发现,小球藻明显促进土壤中晶体态铁铝氧化物向弱结晶与无定形铁铝氧化物结合态砷等的转化,导致水稻幼苗对砷的吸收积累量增加-3.4%~23.11%,推测这与小球藻作用下土壤孔隙水ρ（DOC）的增加密切相关.研究显示,尽管小球藻有利于提高淹水土壤体系E_h并加速As（Ⅲ）的氧化转化,但小球藻可能通过有机酸等分泌物的竞争吸附作用促进铁铝氧化物结合态砷的溶解释放,从而增加水稻砷吸收;淡水藻类对土壤-水稻体系砷吸收积累的风险值得引起高度关注,并需要在大田试验中进一步加以验证.      

Biological properties of south Russian soils: Tolerance to oil pollution

Oil pollution of south Russian soils usually leads to reduction in the abundance of ammonifying bacteria, microscopic fungi, and bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, as well as in enzyme (catalase and invertase) and cellulolytic activities. By the criterion of biological tolerance to oil pollution, these soils can be arranged in the following series: ordinary chernozems >= soddy calcareous soils = southern chernozems >= leached chernozems > brown forest soils >= gray sand soils. A regional scheme of ecological safety standards for oil contents in these soil types is proposed.     

Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract attenuates mercuric chloride-induced liver injury in male rats via inhibition of oxidative damage

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Heavy metal contamination including mercury (Hg) has become one of the most serious environmental problems facing humans and other living organisms....     

不同入口位置的行人进入流实验研究

为了研究行人进入流运动规律,寻找合理的入口位置,对不同入口位置(中间、右侧)进行了不同人数(10人、20人、30人、40人)的可控实验。分析了行人进入流的时间、速度和空间分布,并统计了空间分布影响因素——入口避让、边界吸引、分布角度和空间关系的规律。结果表明,入口位于中间的设计更好,进入时间和稳定时间较短,速度更快,空间分布更合理。这些影响因素的统计,也为行人进入流的模型建立提供了实验基础。     

Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models1

Robertson, Dale M. and David A. Saad, 2011. Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1011‐1033. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00574.x Abstract: Nutrient input to the Laurentian Great Lakes continues to cause problems with eutrophication. To reduce the extent and severity of these problems, target nutrient loads were established and Total Maximum Daily Loads are being developed for many tributaries. Without detailed loading information it is difficult to determine if the targets are being met and how to prioritize rehabilitation efforts. To help address these issues, SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed for estimating loads and sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the United States (U.S.) portion of the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Ohio, and Red River Basins. Results indicated that recent U.S. loadings to Lakes Michigan and Ontario are similar to those in the 1980s, whereas loadings to Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie decreased. Highest loads were from tributaries with the largest watersheds, whereas highest yields were from areas with intense agriculture and large point sources of nutrients. Tributaries were ranked based on their relative loads and yields to each lake. Input from agricultural areas was a significant source of nutrients, contributing ～33‐44% of the P and ～33‐58% of the N, except for areas around Superior with little agriculture. Point sources were also significant, contributing ～14‐44% of the P and 13‐34% of the N. Watersheds around Lake Erie contributed nutrients at the highest rate (similar to intensively farmed areas in the Midwest) because they have the largest nutrient inputs and highest delivery ratio.     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

High background radiation areas of Ramsar in Iran: evaluation of DNA damage by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)

The hot springs in special areas in Ramsar, a northern coastal town in Iran, contain (226)Ra and (222)Rn. The natural radiation effects, radiosensitivity or adaptive responses, on the inhabitants of high natural radiation in Ramsar were studied. The single cell gel electrophoresis was used to monitor DNA damages. Three groups of volunteers were selected, one from high natural background radiation areas as the case group and two from normal background radiation areas as controls (control 1 and control 2). The latter one had the similar living situation to case group while the other (control 2) had different living situation from the other groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMNCs) were separated and irradiated by (60)Co source at five different gamma doses. It was found that the spontaneous level of DNA damage and the induced DNA damage in all challenging doses in case group was considerably higher than control groups (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the repair rate in those volunteers, who received less than 10.2 mSv/y was significantly more than the control groups. In the contrary, individuals who live in homes with more than 10.2 mSv/y had incomplete repair. Additionally the plasma and urinary levels of vitamin C were measured spectrophotometrically. Although the concentration of vitamin C of plasma was equal in case and control 1 groups, the urinary level of vitamin C was found to be lower in the case group.