高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定二价汞、甲基汞、乙基汞与苯基汞

建立了高效液相色谱.电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定二价汞、甲基汞、乙基汞、苯基汞等4种汞形态的分析方法.该方法采用醋酸铵/L-半胱氨酸缓冲盐及甲醇体系组成的流动相按一定比例进行梯度洗脱,并结合了ICP-MS的时间分辨采集优化程序.二价汞、甲基汞、乙基汞、苯基汞的检出限分别为0.022,0.022,0.028和0.041 ng·ml-1.对5.0 ng·ml-1的混合标准溶液连续测定6次,4种汞化合物的峰面积相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.40%,1.01%,0.97%和2.13%.     

低温胁迫下香菇基因表达差异研究

香菇为变温结实型担子菌,为探讨低温胁迫诱导香菇子实体形成的分子机理,应用mRNA差异显示技术对低温胁迫下香菇菌丝体基因表达差异进行了比较.电泳差异展示结果表明,低温胁迫前后基因表达在数量水平和质量水平上都存在显著差异,数量水平的差异表现为低温胁迫过程中表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags,ESTs)增强表达或减弱表达;质量水平上的差异表现为低温胁迫使部分ESTs特异诱导表达或沉默表达.差异ESTs的类型比较和多态性分析发现,低温胁迫处理6~12h可能是诱发香菇原基发生的关键时段.本文还对显著差异表达的基因片段进行序列分析和Northern杂交验证,初步讨论了低温胁迫时间在调控香菇子实体发生中的作用.图4表2参13     

黄河沉积物对稀土元素的吸附特性研究

针对自然水体的实际情况,开展了黄河沉积物对La3+,Ce3+,Nd3+,Sm3+等4种离子的吸附竞争及其特性研究.结果表明,在较宽的初始浓度范围内(2～11mg·L-1),4种离子之间处于弱吸附竞争或无吸附竞争状态;当初始浓度较高,泥沙浓度较低时,4种离子之间的竞争吸附才得以体现,此时有Sm3+>Nd3+≥La3+>Ce3+的初步吸附竞争能力序列;黄河沉积物对4种离子的吸附受控于pH值,随pH的增加4种离子吸附量逐渐增大,但弱碱性或碱性更有利于吸附;当初始浓度较低(<11mg·L-1)时,主要环境因子对4种离子的吸附竞争影响均不明显;当初始浓度较高(>11mg·L-1)时,各环境因子对4种离子的吸附竞争均有显著影响,总体上,降低离子强度、去除有机质、减小颗粒物粒度,均使Sm3+,Nd3+,La3+等3种离子与Ce3+表现不同的吸附行为.     

废碱性干电池中锌资源的酸法回收工艺研究

利用废碱性干电池中负极活性物质——锌资源,进行了酸性浸出生产饲料级硫酸锌产品的实验研究,探索了反应时间、反应温度、酸浓度对酸浸出反应的影响,及溶液浓度、结晶温度等条件对结晶产物的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件,最终得到优等品级别一水硫酸锌和七水硫酸锌产品。     

乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区生态系统服务功能变化研究

在3S技术的支持下,以1990年和2005年的TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地的评价方法分析了乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区景观类型与生态系统服务功能的变化特征,为研究该地区水土开发与生态环境演变提供了依据。结果表明,1990-2005年,乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区农田、灌木林地、城镇及工业用地、盐碱地、水域和未利用地面积增加,其他乔木林地、草地、冰川和沼泽面积均减少;区域生态系统服务功能从1990年的9 182.84×106元减少到2005年的8 627.96×106元,减少量为554.87×106元,减少率为6.04%。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探

生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。     

Metabolism of nC11 fatty acid fed to Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum II: Production of intracellular and extracellular lipids

Abstract

Little is known about the fungal metabolism of nC₁₀ and nC₁₁ fatty acids and their conversion into lipids. A mixed batch culture of soil fungi, T. koningii and P. janthinellum, was grown on undecanoic acid (UDA), a mixture of UDA and potato dextrose broth (UDA+PDB), and PDB alone to examine their metabolic conversion during growth. We quantified seven intracellular and extracellular lipid classes using Iatroscan thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to quantify 42 individual fatty acids. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed fungal culture grown on UDA+PDB produced the highest amount of intracellular (531 mg) and extracellular (14.7 mg) lipids during the exponential phase. The content of total intracellular lipids represented 25% of the total biomass-carbon, or 10% of the total biomass dry weight produced. Fatty acids made up the largest class of intracellular lipids (457 mg/150 mL culture) and they were synthesized at a rate of 2.4 mg/h during the exponential phase, and decomposed at a rate of 1.8 mg/h during the stationary phase, when UDA+PDB was the carbon source. Palmitic acid (C_16:0), stearic acid (C_18:0), oleic acid (C_18:1), linoleic acid (C_18:2) and vaccenic acid (C_18:1) accounted for >80% of the total intracellular fatty acids. During exponential growth on UDA+PDB, hydrocarbons were the largest pool of all extracellular lipids (6.5 mg), and intracellularly they were synthesized at a rate of 64 μg/h. The mixed fungal species culture of T. koningii and P. janthinellum produced many lipids for potential use as industrial feedstocks or bioproducts in biorefineries.     

Effects of pollution on humic substances

Abstract

To assess effects of industrial and environmental pollution on analytical characteristics of humic substances, we isolated humic acids (HA's) and fulvic acids (FA's) from unpolluted and polluted soils and sediments. Following purification, the HA's and FA's were characterized by elemental (C, H, O, N, S) and functional group (CO₂H, phenolic OH, total acidity) analyses, infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and by metal (Fe, Al, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ca and Mg) analyses. Si was also determined in all samples.

Polluted HA's and FA's contained more N and S but less 0 and were richer in all metals and Si than were unpolluted ones. IR spectra showed that polluted humic materials were enriched in COO^‐ groups, secondary non‐cyclic amides and possible also in SO₃H groups. DTA curves indicated that polluted HA's and FA's were more thermostable than unpolluted HA's and FA's. Unusually high N, S, Cu, Cr, Zn and Hg contents of humic materials appear to be useful indicators of soil and sediment pollution.     

The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis I. Analyses of chicken manure, biooils and char by 13C and 1H NMR and FTIR spectrophotometry

Fast pyrolysis of chicken manure produced two biooils (Fractions I and II) and a residual char. All four materials were analyzed by chemical methods, 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (13C and 1H NMR), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosphotometry (FTIR). The char showed the highest C content and the highest aromaticity. Of the two biooils Fraction II was higher in C, yield and calorific value but lower in N than Fraction I. The S and ash content of the two biooil fractions were low. The Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CP-MAS) 13C NMR spectrum of the initial chicken manure showed it to be rich in cellulose, which was a major component of sawdust used as bedding material. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of the two biooils indicated that Fraction I was less aromatic than Fraction II. Among the aromatics in the two biooils, we were able to tentatively identify N-heterocyclics like indoles, pyridines, and pyrazines. FTIR spectra were generally in agreement with the NMR data. FTIR spectra of both biooils showed the presence of both primary and secondary amides and primary amines as well as N-heterocyclics such as pyridines, quinolines, and pyrimidines. The FTIR spectrum of the char resembled that of the initial chicken manure except that the concentration of carbohydrates was lower.     

The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. III. Analyses of chicken manure, bio-oils and char by Py-FIMS and Py-FDMS

Fast pyrolysis of chicken manure produced the following three fractions: bio-oil Fraction I, bio-oil Fraction II, and a char. In a previous investigation we analyzed each of the four materials by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CpPy-FDMS). The objective of this article is to report on the analyses of the same chicken manure and the three fractions derived from it by fast pyrolysis. We now used pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) to characterize the three fractions. In addition, the two bio-oil materials were analyzed by pyrolysis-field desorption mass spectrometry (Py-FDMS). The use of both Py-FIMS and Py-FDMS produced signals over significantly wider mass ranges than did CpPy-GC/MS, and so allowed us to identify considerably larger numbers of constituents in each material. Individual compounds identified in the mass spectra were classified into the following twelve compound classes: (a) low molecular weight compounds (< m/z 62); (b) carbohydrates; (c) phenols + lignin monomers; (d) lignin dimers; (e) n-alkylbenzenes; (f) N-heterocyclics; (g) n-fatty acids; (h) n-alkanes; (i) alkenes; (j) sterols; (k) n-diols and (l) high molecular weight compounds (> m/z 562). Of special interest were the high abundances of low-molecular weight compounds in the two bio-oils which constituted close to one half of the two bio-oils. Prominent among these compounds were water, ammonia, acetic acid, acetamide, propyl radical, formamide and hydrogen cyanide. The main quantitative differences between the two bio-oils was that bio-oil Fraction I, as analyzed by the two mass spectrometric methods, contained lower concentrations of low-molecular weight compounds, carbohydrates, and N-heterocyclics than bio-oil Fraction II but was richer in lignin dimers, n-alkylbenzenes and aliphatics (n-fatty acids, n-alkanes, alkenes, and n-diols). Of special interest were the N-heterocyclics in the two bio-oils such as pyrazole, pyrazoline, substituted pyrroles, pyridine and substituted pyridines, substituted methoxazole, substituted pyrazines, indole and substituted indoles. Fatty acids in all four materials ranged from n-C(9) to n-C(33), alkanes from n-C(9) to n-C(40), alkenes from C(10:1) to C(40:1) and diols from n-C(7) to n-C(29). The chicken manure, bio-oil Fraction I, and char each contained about 4% sterols with cholesterol, ethylcholestriene, ergosterol, ethylcholestene, ethylcholesterol and beta -sitosterol as major components. Semi-quantitative estimates of the total materials identified by Py-FIMS were: chicken manure: 61.1%; bio-oil Fraction I: 81.3%; bio-oil Fraction II: 78.6%; char: 61.3%; and by Py-FDMS were: bio-oil Fraction I: 65.4%; bio-oil Fraction II: 70.0%.