若尔盖高原沼泽生态环境及其合理开发的研究

若尔盖高原位于青藏高原的东北隅,西临巴颜喀拉山,东抵岷山,北起西倾山,南至邛崃山,是一块完整的丘状高原,也是我国最大的泥炭沼泽分布区之一。本文所述的范围包括若尔盖、红原、阿坝和玛曲等四县,流域上属黄河水系,泥炭沼泽面积达4600余km²。其中若尔盖和红原两县的泥炭沼泽,在60年代曾做过调查,70年代,地质部门在水文勘探中也曾对这里的泥炭沼泽有所研究。为进一步研究本区的生态环境和自然资源,1982年起,我们在横断山沼泽泥炭调查中,又对上述四个县连续进行了四年泥炭沼泽考察。本文是这次考察总结的一部分。     

Influence factors for the oxidation of pyrite by oxygen and birnessite in aqueous systems

The oxidation of exposed pyrite causes acid mine drainage, soil acidification, and the release of toxic metal ions. As the important abiotic oxidants in supergene environments, oxygen and manganese oxides participate in the oxidation of pyrite. In this work, the oxidation processes of natural pyrite by oxygen and birnessite were studied in simulated systems, and the influence of pH, Fe(II) and Cr(III) on the intermediates and redox rate was investigated. SO₄^2 − and elemental S were formed as the major and minor products, respectively, during the oxidation processes. Ferric (hydr) oxides including Fe(OH)₃ and goethite were formed with low degree of crystallinity. Low pH and long-term reaction facilitated the formation of goethite and ferric hydroxide, respectively. The rate of pyrite oxidation by birnessite was enhanced in the presence of air (oxygen), and Fe(II) ions played a key role in the redox process. The addition of Fe(II) ions to the reaction system significantly enhanced the oxidation rate of pyrite; however, the presence of Cr(III) ions remarkably decreased the pyrite oxidation rate in aqueous systems. The introduction of Fe(II) ions to form a Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple facilitated the electron transfer and accelerated the oxidation rate of pyrite. The present work suggests that isolation from air and decreasing the concentration of Fe(II) ions in aqueous solutions might be effective strategies to reduce the oxidation rate of pyrite in mining soils.     

Effects of Al doping on the structure and properties of goethite and its adsorption behavior towards phosphate

Al substitution in goethite is common in soils, and has strong influence on the structure and physicochemical properties of goethite. In this research, a series of Al-doped goethites were synthesized, and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of these samples towards PO₄^3 − was also investigated. Characterization results demonstrated that increasing Al content in goethite led to a reduction in crystallinity, increase in specific surface area (SSA), and morphology change from needle-like to granular. Rietveld structure refinement revealed that the lattice parameter a remained almost constant and b slightly decreased, but c was significantly reduced, and the calculated crystal density increased. EXAFS analysis demonstrated that the Fe(Al)–O distance in the structure of the doped goethites was almost the same, but the Fe–Fe(Al) distance decreased with increasing Al content. Surface analysis showed that, with increasing Al content, the content of OH groups on the mineral surface increased. The adsorption of phosphate per unit mass of Al-doped goethite increased, while adsorption per unit area decreased owing to the decrease of the relative proportion of (110) facets in the total surface area of the minerals. The results of this research facilitate better understanding of the effect of Al substitution on the structure and properties of goethite and the cycling of phosphate in the environment.     

电化学驱动水钠锰矿高效吸附去除混合重金属离子

锰氧化物被广泛用作重金属离子吸附剂,电化学调控其氧化还原反应程度可提高重金属吸附容量.然而,多种重金属离子共存时的电化学吸附过程及相互影响机理尚不清楚.本工作采用多周恒流充放电方式研究了水钠锰矿对Cd2+、Zn2+、Pb2+与Ni2+单独及共存时的电化学吸附性能及机理,同时考察了氧化还原程度对吸附性能的影响.结果 表明...     

3株紫花苜蓿根瘤菌sinR基因的克隆、序列测定及系统发育分析

为从与紫花苜蓿共生的3株不同根瘤菌(CCBAU 30085、 USDA 1002和CCBAU QH180)中扩增参与根瘤菌群体感应调控的转录激活蛋白基因(sinR基因)并比较它们的不同,根据文献[1],设计了一对引物,通过PCR扩增,将扩增产物克隆到pGEM-T-easy载体上,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经蓝白斑和氨苄青霉素筛选得到阳性转化子.用通用引物测序后将序列与已报道的sinR基因(GenBank登录号为AL591788)进行了同源性比较和系统发育分析.本试验成功克隆到了sinR基因.经同源性及系统发育分析后,结果表明,CCBAU 30085、 USDA 1002和CCBAU QH180这3株菌的sinR基因序列相似性高达99%;它们与已知的Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021中的sinR基因序列相似性到达99 7%～100%,与具有相同功能的豌豆根瘤菌及埃氏菜豆根瘤菌中的raiR基因之间的相似性低于45%.这说明与紫花苜蓿共生的根瘤菌虽然经历了长期的进化,但其sinR基因在长期的进化过程中,却是一个非常保守的基因.     

螯合沉淀法处理电镀废水的工业实践

介绍了一个采用螯合沉淀法处理电镀废水的典型工业实例。在工业装置上,进行了氢氧化钠、硫化钠和DT-CR去除重金属离子效果的对比,讨论了DTCR的加入量与处理成本的关系和pH值对DTCR用量的影响。结果表明,将废水的pH值调至8.0~8.5后再加DTCR,可以使DTCR的使用量最少,处理成本最低;此法对重金属离子的去除效果远优于传统化学沉淀法。     

Radiation degradation of Congo Red in aqueous solution

Radiation-induced degradation of Congo Red (an azo dye) in aqueous solution was studied both with steady-state radiolysis and time-resolve techniques of pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis. Decomposition and mineralization of Congo Red by gamma-rays was investigated with the changes of absorption spectra, degradation efficiency, TOC removal and pH changes of the solutions in different irradiation systems. The main radiolytic products resulting from steady-state radiolysis of Congo Red were examined by HPLC and LC-MS. Complete degradation of Congo Red was observed at different absorbed doses under diverse irradiation condition. The TOC removal of the solutions saturated with O2 or N2O reached 76% and 86% at the absorbed dose of 11.9 kGy, respectively. Pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis experiments were carried out to study the reaction of Congo Red with e(aq)- and ()OH. The reaction rate constants were determined.     

企业生产活动对场地地下水环境质量的影响及分析

企业对所在场地地下水定期开展监测,能够及时发现异常,预防地下水污染。本文结合飞机制造企业生产活动及污染物排放特点,对场地地下水进行监测布点,并分析地下水可能的污染途径,发现良好的管理手段和环境特性能保证场地地下水环境质量,而企业生产活动直接影响着场地地下水环境质量。     

Effects of aluminum substitution on the surface charge of colloidal goethite particles: experiments and MUSIC modeling

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Proton adsorption behavior on the surface of Al-substituted goethites as a function of pH and ionic strength was investigated and simulated with the...