缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物排放特征及影响因素

随着经济的发展,机动车排放已成为大气颗粒物的重要来源,能够影响人类健康和气候变化.本研究通过整车转鼓实验对国V缸内直喷（GDI）汽油车的颗粒物排放水平及化学组成进行了研究,并探究了汽油车颗粒物排放的影响因素.研究结果表明,我国GDI汽油车的PM、OC、EC排放因子分别为（43.4±16.2）、（11.0±3.5）及（20.5±8.1）mg·kg^-1,其中EC的排放显著高于同类研究.为探索导致颗粒物排放区别的影响因素,本研究探讨了燃油类型、启动方式和循环设定对汽油车颗粒物排放的影响.结果表明,燃油类型（添加体积分数10%的乙醇与纯汽油）对颗粒物排放影响不大.冷启动会排放更多的颗粒物.同时,循环方式也会影响颗粒物排放,中国工况循环（CLTC）会排放比全球测试循环（WLTC）更多的颗粒物,这可能与我国更多的缓加速情况相关.     

我国消防员灭火救援中伤亡情况研究

为分析我国消防员灭火救援中伤亡的原因,减少消防员伤亡事故的发生,统计了消防部队2005年~2013年共发生的70起消防员灭火救援中伤亡情况、伤亡原因,并对比美国消防员灭火救援中伤亡情况。结果表明,造成我国消防员灭火救援中伤亡的原因既有灭火救援危险性高的客观原因,也有消防员灭火救援经验缺乏、消防员防护装备配备不科学、安全保障技术应用不当等主观原因。要减少消防员灭火救援中伤亡事故的发生,应从提高消防员灾害事故现场风险评估能力、科学配备消防装备、提高消防员灭火救援专业能力和安全保障技术应用能力等方面加以改进。     

Catalytic performance of Ag/Al2O3-C2H5OH-Cu/Al2O3 system for the removal of NOx from diesel engine exhaust

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by C(2)H(5)OH was studied in excess oxygen over Ag/Al(2)O(3) catalysts with different Ag loadings at lab conditions. The 4% Ag/Al(2)O(3) has the highest activity for the C(2)H(5)OH-SCR of NOx with a drawback of simultaneously producing CO and unburned THC in effluent gases. An oxidation catalyst 10% Cu/Al(2)O(3) was directly placed after the Ag/Al(2)O(3) to remove CO and unburned THC. Washcoated honeycomb catalysts were prepared based on the 4% Ag/Al(2)O(3) and 10% Cu/Al(2)O(3) powders and tested for the C(2)H(5)OH-SCR of NOx on a diesel engine at the practical operating conditions. Compared with the Ag/Al(2)O(3) powder, the Ag/Al(2)O(3) washcoated honeycomb catalyst (SCR catalyst) has a similar activity for NOx reduction by C(2)H(5)OH and the drawback of increasing the CO and unburned THC emissions. Using the SCR+Oxi composite catalyst with the optimization of C(2)H(5)OH addition, the diesel engine completely meets EURO III emission standards.     

Toxicity of metals and organic chemicals evaluated with bioluminescence assays

The development of a bioluminescent sensor organism (Shk1) that was created for assessing wastewater toxicity was reported several years ago. In order to establish a test battery to better characterize wastewater toxicity, additional luminescent sensor organisms were later created. The present study focused on one promising candidate (PM6), a Pseudomonas spp. strain, because of its high level of luminescence compared to that of other newly created organisms. Using a batch toxicity testing protocol, the toxicity of 7 metals and 25 organic compounds was evaluated with the PM6 and Shk1 assays. Results indicated that the toxicity data of the PM6 and the Shk1 assays were correlated, and no assay appeared to be particularly more sensitive to a group of toxicants than the other assay. The results of the PM6 and Shk1 assays were further evaluated by comparing with the results of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition assay and activated sludge inhibition assays. Data suggested that PM6 and Shk1 more closely represented activated sludge organisms than V. fischeri. The suitability of using PM6 and Shk1 for assessing wastewater toxicity on activated sludge, both individually and in a test battery, was discussed.     

Effects of phenanthrene on the mortality, growth, and anti-oxidant system of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions

To assess the toxic effects of phenanthrene on earthworms, we exposed Eisenia fetida to artificial soils supplemented with different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 12.5, mgkg(-1) soil) of phenanthrene. The residual phenanthrene in the soil, the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in earthworms, and the subsequent effects of phenanthrene on growth, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined. The degradation rate of low concentrations of phenanthrene was faster than it was for higher concentrations, and the degradation half-life was 7.3d (0.5 mgkg(-1)). Bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in the earthworms decreased the phenanthrene concentration in soils, and phenanthrene content in the earthworms significantly increased with increasing initial soil concentrations. Phenanthrene had a significant effect on E. fetida growth, and the 14-d LC(50) was calculated as 40.67 mgkg(-1). Statistical analysis of the growth inhibition rate showed that the concentration and duration of exposure had significant effects on growth inhibition (p<0.001). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at the beginning (2 and 7d) and decreased in the end (14 and 28 d). Catalase (CAT) activity in all treatments was inhibited from 1 to 14 d of exposure. However, no significant perturbations in malondialdehyde (MDA) content were noted between control and phenanthrene-treated earthworms except after 2d of exposure. These results revealed that bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in E. fetida caused concentration-dependent, sub-lethal toxicity. Growth and superoxide dismutase activity can be regarded as sensitive parameters for evaluating the toxicity of phenanthrene to earthworms.     

A study on emission performance of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels

As an alternative and renewable fuel, biodiesel can effectively reduce diesel engine emissions, especially particulate matter and dry soot. However, the biodiesel effects on emissions may vary as the source fuel changes. In this paper, the performance of five methyl esters with different sources was studied: cottonseed methyl ester (CME), soybean methyl ester (SME), rapeseed methyl ester (RME), palm oil methyl ester (PME) and waste cooking oil methyl ester (WME). Total particulate matter (PM), dry soot (DS), non-soot fraction (NSF), nitrogen oxide (NO_x), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) were investigated on a Cummins ISBe6 Euro III diesel engine and compared with a baseline diesel fuel. Results show that using different methyl esters results in large PM reductions ranging from 53% to 69%, which include the DS reduction ranging from 79% to 83%. Both oxygen content and viscosity could influence the DS emission. Higher oxygen content leads to less DS at high load while lower viscosity results in less DS at low load. NSF decreases consistently as cetane number increases except for PME. The cetane number could be responsible for the large NSF difference between different methyl esters.     

Water resource system risk and adaptive management of the Chinese Heihe River Basin in Asian arid areas

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Water scarcity is a challenging environmental problem in global arid regions in the twenty-first century. Global climate change and urban...