水体溶解性有机物的化学分级表征:原理与方法

综述了水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的化学分级表征法即树脂吸附分级法(RA)的研究与进展,同时基于该方法存在的一些问题结合我国典型水质体系,从树脂的选择、净化、分级的定义、水样过柱流速、水样树脂体积比的确定等方面进行了研究探讨,给出了完整的实验参数和操作方法.     

Impact of meteorology and energy structure on solvent extractable organic compounds of PM2.5 in Beijing, China

Twenty-eight PM2.5 samples collected in Summer (July 2002) and Winter (November 2002) at two sites in Beijing, China were analyzed using GC/MS to investigate the impact of meteorology and coal burning on the solvent extractable organic compounds (SEOC). The characteristics and abundance of the n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-fatty acids and n-alkanols were determined. Source identification was made using organic species as molecular markers. Semi-volatile compounds of alkanes and PAHs had much higher concentrations in winter than summer because of the large difference in the temperature between the seasons. Plant wax emission was a major contributor to n-alkanes in summer, but fossil fuel residue was a major source (>80%) in winter. The seasonal differences in the distribution of pentacyclic triterpanes clearly shows the impact of coal burning for space heating in winter. The yield of PAHs in winter (148 ng m(-3) at the urban site and 277 ng m(-3) at the suburban site) was six to eight times higher than that in summer and was found to be mainly from coal burning. Higher pollutant concentrations were measured at the suburban site than the urban site in winter due to the rapid expansion of the city limit and the relocation of factories from urban to suburban areas over the last two decades.     

Space-time modeling for the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey

The Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey (MTHS) is a postseason mail survey conducted by the Missouri Department of Conservation. The 1996 MTHS provides information concerning the number of turkeys harvested by hunters on each day and the total number of trips made to the counties by these hunters on each day of the hunting season. The success rates are then found from this information. Small sample sizes produce large standard errors for the estimates at the county level. We use a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model to estimate daily hunting success rates at the county level. The model includes an autoregressive process for the days of the hunting season and spatially correlated random geographic effects. The computations are performed using Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. Results show that there are significant spatial corelations between counties and correlations between days of the hunting season. The estimates are close to the frequency estimates at the state level and much more stable at the county level.     

Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia

Scale is emerging as one of the critical problems in ecology because our perception of most ecological variables and processes depends upon the scale at which the variables are measured. A conclusion obtained at one scale may not be valid at another scale without sufficient knowledge of the scaling effect, which is also a source of misinterpretation for many ecological problems, such as the design of reserves in conservation biology.This paper attempts to study empirically how scaling may affect the spatial patterns of diversity (tree density, richness and Shannon diversity) that we may perceive in tropical forests, using as a test-case a 50 ha forest plot in Malaysia. The effect of scale on measurements of diversity patterns, the occurrence of rare species, the fractal dimension of diversity patterns, the spatial structure and the nearest-neighbour autocorrelation of diversity are addressed. The response of a variable to scale depends on the way it is measured and the way it is distributed in space.We conclude that, in general, the effect of scaling on measures of biological diversity is non-linear; heterogeneity increases with the size of the sampling units, and fine-scale information is lost at a broad scale. Our results should lead to a better understanding of how ecological variables and processes change over scale.     

抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸的玉米种子蛋白突变体

通过离体选择抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸玉米突变体，不仅获得了积累游离苏氨酸和赖氨酸等氨基酸的突变类型，也选择到了种子蛋白组份发生改变的高蛋氨酸突变体和高赖氨酸体细胞无性系变异体。高蛋氨酸种子中总蛋氨酸的含量比对照增高２２．６％，这是由于醇溶蛋白Ｚｅｉｎ－２部分及其蛋氨酸含量增高所致。高赖氨酸变异体种子游离必需氨基酸增高显著（２－１０倍），总赖氨酸比对照亲本增高２８．１％，含量约占种子干重的０．４０％，种子蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白组份含量增高而醇溶蛋白减少。高赖氨酸和高蛋氨酸特性遗传稳定，植株育性正常。     

深圳市观澜河流域水土流失规律研究

深圳市观澜河流域地处南亚热带,受自然因素和人为因素的影响,流域存在着严重的水土流失,改革开放以来,流域的大片土地被开发成了工业开发区。工业开发区在建设阶段,机械夷平土地所形成的各种松散的堆积坡,引起了新的水土流失类型。本文研究和探讨了该流域的水土流失规律及水土流失对流域水环境的影响。     

浅谈高职高专养殖类学生的毕业实习管理

本文针对近年出现的高职高专养殖类的学生在毕业实习时的“跳槽”现象进行了分析,指出了其所带来的一系列的后果和危害性,提出了解决的方法.     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

11种取代酚类内分泌干扰活性的初步筛选与评价

通过聚蔗糖-泛影葡胺密度梯度离心法，从鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)外周血中分离出淋巴细胞，体外培养24h，用MTT法测试双酚类、联苯酚类、二酚类、烷基单酚类和取代酚类等几类可疑环境内分泌干扰物对淋巴细胞增殖的影响．结果表明，双酚类、联苯酚类和烷基单酚类物质对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖具有低浓度促进，高浓度抑制的作用．二酚类物质对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖具有促进作用．取代酚类对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的增殖无明显作用．该结果表明，此方法可以对环境内分泌干扰物进行初步筛选，同时发现环境内分泌干扰物对淋巴细胞增殖的效应与物质的化学结构具有一定相关性。     

茜素络合剂-微分吸附计时电位法测定高含铁量土壤中铝形态

研究了茜素络合剂-微分吸附计时电位法(AC-ASV)测定土壤溶液中铝形态的最佳条件,着重探讨了共存离子,特别是土壤溶液中的无机离子和有机阴离子对测定铝的影响,建立了测定土壤溶液中铝形态方法。用该法可测定总反应性铝、总单核铝[Ala]和稳定性单核铝[Ali],由总反应性铝减去总单核铝求得酸溶性铝[Als],由总单核铝[Ala]减去稳定单核铝求得不稳定单核铝[Alo],与标准的Driscoll方法(阳离子树脂交换分离-8-羟基喹啉-原子吸收法)进行了比较。结果表明:茜素络合剂(AC)-微分吸附计时电位法灵敏度较高,铁的干扰较少。该法适合于测定含铁量比较高的土壤溶液中的铝形态。