基于脆性结构崩溃的复杂系统安全事故致因分析

为探索复杂系统安全事故的本质致因,为安全事故的预防提供有效措施,对复杂系统结构崩溃的必然性进行分析,指出复杂系统的结构是一种具有潜在崩溃趋势的脆性结构。通过分析复杂系统脆性结构的崩溃过程,对复杂系统的安全状态和连锁崩溃进行数学描述,提出控制安全关键子系统崩溃的策略。在分析复杂系统结构脆性因子及其关联的基础上,构建基于熵的复杂系统安全度模型,结果表明,安全约束的缺乏或失效是复杂系统安全事故的本质致因。     

基于模糊层次分析法的某超高层建筑疏散效率分析

超高层建筑人员疏散效率直接影响建筑安全水平。基于模糊层次分析法(FAHP),构建了评价超高层建筑疏散效率的指标体系,分析了各因素对疏散效率的影响。结果表明疏散宽度和人员数量对疏散效率影响较大。通过人员疏散软件对评估结果进行了验证。疏散效率结果与人员疏散模拟软件的计算结果基本吻合,能较准确地预测各因素变化所带来的影响,但对于人员数量较少时疏散宽度发生变化的情况尚不能完全适用。     

基于PLC控制的内循环回流式流化床反应器的设计

针对传统反应器在有机废水处理中存在的问题,在结合UASB和IC反应器特点的基础上,通过设置布水器进行均衡布水,引进固定化微生物填料防止反应器堵塞,改进三相分离器提高回流比,设置内循环回流管减少水头损失及布置多级取样口方便采样,设计可自动控制的厌氧/好氧一体化内循环回流式流化床反应器,并且采用PLC控制器控制进出水水量、水流上升速度、曝气量、进气时间及水力停留时间等参数,用于处理高氨氮有机废水.屠宰废水室内试验结果表明:在进水流量为1 m3/d,水力停留时间为3h,pH值7.2,25℃的条件下,好氧微曝气使溶解氧为2 mg/L,厌氧好氧自动交替运行,水流上升速控制在约1.0 m/h,约40％的污水无动力回流处理,填料无堵塞,采样方便.经50d驯化后,出水CODcr、NH+4-N、油脂及色度的去除率分别达到了87％、63.6％、74.7％和84.7％,且每天能获得生物质气体约0.32 m,平均处理费用为0.15元/t,比传统处理工艺费用要低.这说明内循环回流式流化床反应器较传统反应器在高氨氮有机废水处理,特别是脱氮方面有较大提高,可用于高氨氮有机废水的处理.     

面向新型航空装备系统的安全保障模式研究

四代机和大型运输机作为新型的航空装备,因其具有更为先进的技术性能,导致服役风险的增大。为促进国内四代机装备部队后战斗力的迅速形成,提出了一种基于和谐交互机制的安全保障模式。通过建立系统安全度模型,揭示了航空装备系统本质安全化的规律,即注重系统组元本质安全化的同时,强调系统组元内部及其与外界环境间的和谐交互作用。分析了系统安全保障模式中的人的本质安全化和环境的本质安全化,阐述了三类本质安全人的职责和相互关系;借用辐射理念,建立了系统安全辐射模型,提出安全辐射是扩大安全效益的有效手段;对航空装备系统本质安全化中的总效用和边际效用进行了数学描述,认为系统组元达到有机耦合是安全效用最大化的唯一途径,所述观点为新型航空装备的安全服役有一定指导意义。     

胶州市农村地区地下水水质现状评价及保护措施

对胶州市农村地区地下水水质进行了监测分析,根据分析结果,利用单因子评价法和综合指数评价法,评价胶州市地下水污染程度。从评价结果可以看出,马店镇等乡镇水质较好,属清洁级;里岔镇等乡镇水质属轻污染级。通过查找原因,发现水质污染主要由农业面源、生活污水和畜禽养殖粪便所致,据此提出了建立污水集中处理厂,规范农村畜禽养殖行业和发展绿色农业等建议。     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复及超富集植物的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的植物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一。近年来对植物修复的研究日益增加,工业、农业和交通是土壤中污染物的三大主要来源。目前重金属污染土壤植物修复主要包括植物稳定、植物提取和植物挥发。由于超富集植物存在生物量小、生长缓慢的缺点,更应该关注具有高生物量的重金属耐(抗)性植物。     

论促进企业环境守法的制度建构

企业是市场经济中重要的市场主体,其环境守法除了要求环境法律、法规、政策的完善,也有赖于环境执法工作的稳妥开展对企业守法的推动。通过制度和利润两方面分析企业环境守法困境,期望通过环境执法模式的改革,借鉴美国环境执法模式的经验,借助执法理念的变化实现企业自觉的环境守法。     

Behaviors of dissolved antimony in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters

Antimony is a naturally occurring and cumulatively toxic element. With increasing concern as an inorganic contaminant, research on its environmental behavior is becoming a necessity. However, very little is known about this element. To further understand its biogeochemical behaviors and roles in the ecosystem, the main species of dissolved inorganic antimony (Sb(iii) and Sb(v)) in Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters were determined by hydride generation and atomic fluorescence (HG-AFS) in our study. Results show that in surface water, the concentration for Sb(iii) and Sb(v) were in the range 0.029 μg L(-1)～ 0.736 μg L(-1) and 0.121 μg L(-1)～ 2.567 μg L(-1), with averages of 0.152 μg L(-1) and 0.592 μg L(-1), respectively. While concentrations of Sb(iii) and Sb(v) in the bottom layer were much lower, ranging from 0.023 μg L(-1) to 0.116 μg L(-1) (average of 0.050 μg L(-1)) and from 0.047 μg L(-1) to 0.441 μg L(-1) (average of 0.194 μg L(-1)), respectively. Data analysis further demonstrates that the major processes controlling antimony geochemistry in the area are riverine input, atmospheric deposition, incursion of Taiwan Warm Current, and release from particulate phase. The surface-enrichment and bottom-depletion depth profile reveals it does appear as a mildly scavenged element but is less like arsenic than previously believed. Sb(v) was the predominant speciation in aquatic environment of our research, and Sb(iii) was a minor constituent of the total antimony. Regarding the adsorption-desorption process onto SPM, Sb(iii) has a higher affinity to particulate phase than Sb(v). Furthermore, the significant correlation between antimony and nutrients indicates it is an element with great biological potential, which is also an important behavior for antimony.     

Estimation of the contributions of long range transported aerosol in East Asia to carbonaceous aerosol and PM concentrations in Seoul, Korea using highly time resolved measurements: a PSCF model approach

The contributions of long range transported aerosol in East Asia to carbonaceous aerosol and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Seoul, Korea were estimated with potential source contribution function (PSCF) calculations. Carbonaceous aerosol (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)), PM(2.5), and PM(10) concentrations were measured from April 2007 to March 2008 in Seoul, Korea. The PSCF and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) receptor models were used to identify the spatial source distributions of OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particles. Heavily industrialized areas in Northeast China such as Harbin and Changchun and East China including the Pearl River Delta region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Beijing-Tianjin region were identified as high OC, EC and PM(2.5) source areas. The conditional PSCF analysis was introduced so as to distinguish the influence of aerosol transported from heavily polluted source areas on a receptor site from that transported from relatively clean areas. The source contributions estimated using the conditional PSCF analysis account for not only the aerosol concentrations of long range transported aerosols but also the number of transport days effective on the measurement site. Based on the proposed algorithm, the condition of airmass pathways was classified into two types: one condition where airmass passed over the source region (PS) and another condition where airmass did not pass over the source region (NPS). For most of the seasons during the measurement period, 249.5-366.2% higher OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particle concentrations were observed at the measurement site under PS conditions than under NPS conditions. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particles under PS, NPS, and background aerosol conditions were quantified. The contributions of long range transported aerosols on the OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particle concentrations during several Asian dust events were also estimated. We also investigated the performance of the PSCF results obtained from combining highly time resolved measurement data and backward trajectory calculations via comparison with those from data in low resolutions. Reduced tailing effects and the larger coverage over the area of interest were observed in the PSCF results obtained from using the highly time resolved data and trajectories.     

国外突发事件应急救援标准综述

对美国、澳大利亚、英国、新西兰等发达国家在应急救援领域的标准及规范的建设情况进行了分析研究;总结了这些国家特别是美国应急救援标准建设的特点。对比我国现有的应急救援标准及需求,提出了我国地震应急救援标准建设的建议。