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51.
Patrick J. Comer Robert L. Pressey Malcolm L. Hunter JR. Carrie A. Schloss Steven C. Buttrick Nicole E. Heller John M. Tirpak Daniel P. Faith Molly S. Cross Mark L. Shaffer 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):692-701
In a rapidly changing climate, conservation practitioners could better use geodiversity in a broad range of conservation decisions. We explored selected avenues through which this integration might improve decision making and organized them within the adaptive management cycle of assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring. Geodiversity is seldom referenced in predominant environmental law and policy. With most natural resource agencies mandated to conserve certain categories of species, agency personnel are challenged to find ways to practically implement new directives aimed at coping with climate change while retaining their species‐centered mandate. Ecoregions and ecological classifications provide clear mechanisms to consider geodiversity in plans or decisions, the inclusion of which will help foster the resilience of conservation to climate change. Methods for biodiversity assessment, such as gap analysis, climate change vulnerability analysis, and ecological process modeling, can readily accommodate inclusion of a geophysical component. We adapted others’ approaches for characterizing landscapes along a continuum of climate change vulnerability for the biota they support from resistant, to resilient, to susceptible, and to sensitive and then summarized options for integrating geodiversity into planning in each landscape type. In landscapes that are relatively resistant to climate change, options exist to fully represent geodiversity while ensuring that dynamic ecological processes can change over time. In more susceptible landscapes, strategies aiming to maintain or restore ecosystem resilience and connectivity are paramount. Implementing actions on the ground requires understanding of geophysical constraints on species and an increasingly nimble approach to establishing management and restoration goals. Because decisions that are implemented today will be revisited and amended into the future, increasingly sophisticated forms of monitoring and adaptation will be required to ensure that conservation efforts fully consider the value of geodiversity for supporting biodiversity in the face of a changing climate. 相似文献
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Cheese, Tourists, and Red Pandas in the Nepal Himalayas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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This paper was one of several presented at the Workshop on Air Pollution Control in Portland, Oregon, on May 6, 1968. The Workshop was sponsored by the Manufacturing Chemists Association and the Chemical Industry Council of the Pacific Northwest in cooperation with the Association of Oregon Industries, Association of Washington Industries, and the Environmental Committee of the Portland Chamber of Commerce. While many of the papers were of localized interest, this paper speaks to anyone designing air pollution control systems. 相似文献
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J. O. Ivie M. D. Thomas O. C. Taylor C. Ray Thompson W. M. Dugger JR. B. L. Richards 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):355-359
A discussion of the methods used to determine the most economic design of chimney for a new thermal power station or large industrial plant is presented, with the objective that ground level concentration of pollutants will be kept at a minimum. Attention is paid to the geography and climatology of the site, with special reference to the frequency and height of inversions and the prevailing wind direction and speed. A method is illustrated in using a large thermal power station as an example. The maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations at ground level are computed for several chimney heights and gas exit velocities. The values of these sulfur dioxide concentrations, the capital cost of the chimney, the pumping costs, and the gas pressures within the chimney are considered in selecting a suitable chimney height and a gas exit velocity which will meet most economically the stated objective. The paper deals primarily with chimneys for industrial or power boiler plant of maximum continuous rating greater than 450 million Btu/hr (about 450,000 lbs of steam/hr), or to chimneys serving furnaces burning fuel at a maximum rate greater than 50,000 lbs/hr of coal, or 80,000 lbs/hr of oil. For chimneys serving plant with smaller heat inputs, chimney selection by reference to Clean Air Act 1956, Memorandum on Chimney Heights is suggested. 相似文献
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The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional response options to oil spills in wetlands is driving
the investigation of alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, a spill of gas condensate in a brackish marsh at Rockefeller
Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana was remediated through the use of in situ burning. An assessment of vegetation recovery
was initiated in three treatment marshes: (1) oil-impacted and burned, (2) oil impacted and unburned, and (3) a nonoiled unburned
reference. We compared percent cover, stem density, and biomass in the treatment marshes to define ecological recovery of
the marsh vegetation and soil hydrocarbon content to determine the efficacy of in situ burning as a cleanup technique. Burning
led to a rapid decrease in soil hydrocarbon concentrations in the impacted-and-burned marsh to background levels by the end
of the first growing season. Although a management fire accidentally burned the oil-impacted-and-unburned and reference marshes
in December 1995, stem density, live biomass, and total percent cover values in the oil-impacted-and-burned marsh were equivalent
to those in the other treatment marshes after three years. In addition, plant community composition within the oil-impacted-and-burned
marsh was similar to the codominant mix of the grasses Distichlis spicata (salt grass) and Spartina patens (wire grass) characteristic of the surrounding marsh after the same time period. Rapid recovery of the oil-impacted-and-unburned
marsh was likely due to lower initial hydrocarbon exposure. Water levels inundating the soil surface of this grass-dominated
marsh and the timing of the in situ burn early in the growing season were important factors contributing to the rapid recovery
of this wetland. The results of this in situ burn evaluation support the conclusion that burning, under the proper conditions,
can be relied upon as an effective cleanup response to hydrocarbon spills in herbaceous wetlands. 相似文献
60.
We assessed relationships between the extent to which farmers reported exposure to relevant information and their attitudes
towards, knowledge about, and degree of adoption of riparian management strategies. We also examined associations between
knowledge of, or receipt of, financial assistance for riparian fencing/planting and intentions for and extent of adoption
of this strategy. A mail survey of 718 pastoral farmers in Otago and Southland in New Zealand [294 surveys returned (41%)]
yielded 279 usable questionnaires. Indices were developed to reflect range and frequency of information use and range of practices
adopted. Attitudes were measured using Likert-type responses to 11 statements, and knowledge as a score on a ten-question
true/false test. Positive relationships between information and the three main response variables (attitude, knowledge, and
adoption) were weak but significant and systematic. These associations remained significant when important demographic and
farm characteristics were taken into account. Informed farmers were more likely to report intentions to carry out riparian
fencing or planting within the next year. Farmers who were aware that funding was available were also more likely to state
this intention, independent of information level. The reported extent to which waterways had been fenced to exclude stock
was related to receipt of funding, but not to information level. Financial factors were the most influential barrier preventing
adoption of permanent fencing. Our research shows a positive correlation between the receipt of information and funding and
the adoption of specific riparian management measures. 相似文献