Impact of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in Brandenburg with a focus on nature conservation areas

Global warming impacts the water cycle not only by changing regional precipitation levels and temporal variability, but also by affecting water flows and soil moisture dynamics. In Brandenburg, increasing average annual temperature and decreasing precipitation in summer have already been observed. For this study, past trends and future effects of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in Brandenburg were investigated, considering regional and specific spatial impacts. Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) were focused on in particular. A decreasing trend in soil water content was shown for the past by analyzing simulation results from 1951 to 2003 using the integrated ecohydrological model SWIM [Krysanova, V., Müller-Wohlfeil, D.-I., Becker, A., 1998. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological/water quality model for mesoscale watersheds. Ecol. Model. 106, 261–289]. The trend was statistically significant for some areas, but not for the entire region. Simulated soil water content was particularly low in the extremely dry year 2003. Comparisons of simulated trends in soil moisture dynamics with trends in the average annual Palmer Drought Severity Index for the region showed largely congruent patterns, though the modeled soil moisture trends are characterized by a much higher spatial resolution. Regionally downscaled climate change projections representing the range between wetter and drier realizations were used to evaluate future trends of available soil water. A further decrease of average available soil water ranging from −4% to −15% was projected for all climate realizations up to the middle of the 21st century. An average decrease of more than 25 mm was simulated for 34% of the total area in the dry realization. Available soil water contents in SACs were generally higher and trends in soil moisture dynamics were lower mainly due to their favorable edaphic conditions. Stronger absolute and relative changes in the simulated trends for the past and future were shown for SACs within Brandenburg than for the state as a whole, indicating a high level of risk for many wetland areas. Nonetheless, soil water content in SACs is expected to remain higher than average under climate change conditions as well, and SACs therefore have an important buffer function under the projected climate change. They are thus essential for local climate and water regulation and their status as protected areas in Brandenburg should be preserved.     

Enhanced mixing state of black carbon with nitrate in single particles during haze periods in Zhengzhou, China

Black carbon（BC） plays an important role in air quality and climate change, which is closely associated with its mixing state and chemical compositions. In this work the mixing state of BC-containing single particles was investigated to explore the evolution process of ambient BC particles using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer（SPAMS） in March 2018 in Zhengzhou, China. The BC-containing particles accounted for 61.4% of total detected ambient single particles and were classified into f...     

沉积物中磷形态与湖泊富营养化的关系

应用乙二胺四乙酸法对长江中下游太湖、巢湖和龙感湖等3个湖泊表层沉积物中磷的形态进行连续提取和测定.结果发现,在表层沉积物中,3个湖泊钙磷的百分含量比较接近,占总磷的30%左右,太湖和巢湖铁磷的百分含量显著高于龙感湖,而龙感湖有机磷的相对含量较高,可达40%~50%.这3个湖泊沉积物中有机磷形态差别十分明显,其中太湖沉积物中的有机磷主要以酸可提取有机磷形式存在,巢湖沉积物中酸可提取有机磷约占总有机磷的一半,而龙感湖的有机磷大部分与腐殖酸结合.沉积物中酸可提取有机磷的释放可能又是一个导致湖泊富营养化的重要过程.     

同步荧光法同时测定黄土中的菲和萘

建立了同时测定菲和萘混合液中二组分的固定波长同步荧光光谱法.菲和萘的线性范围分别为0.001～0.101mg/L和0.0025～0.25mg/L,检出限分别为0.47ng/mL和0.14ng/mL,相对标准偏差分别为0.48%和0.89%(n=12).此方法可用于研究黄土对菲、萘混合液吸附平衡后上清液中的菲和萘的同时测定.结果表明,黄土对菲和萘的吸附曲线满足Freundlich方程,为预测和治理土壤污染提供了一种快速简便的测试手段.     

高浓油皂洗涤废水资源化试验研究

机械修理行业产生的高浓油皂洗涤废水中含大量的油、皂、未失效的清洗剂及其他成分,水处理难度较大.笔者在小试及中试基础上确定了破乳除油皂、回收清洗剂的资源化工艺路线,并确定了最佳工艺参数.      

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用菌中镉和铅

采用塞曼效应背景校正、最大功率升温和峰面积积分,以钯和抗坏血酸为基体改进剂,用恒温平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用菌中镉和铅,检出限镉为5.0×10-13g,铅为4.0×10-12g,相对标准偏差在2.8%~7.1%之间,加标回收率镉为92.0%~104%,铅为89.3%~95.0%。     

固定化厌氧微生物多孔囊状聚酰胺载体的研制

采用界面聚合方法制备出固定化厌氧微生物多孔囊状聚酰胺载体。该载体壁薄,内外表面粗糙多孔,具有典型的囊状空间、较高的孔体积和比表面积。将该载体用于厌氧法处理人工合成废水,同一时间的沼气产量高于使用基体型多孔聚合物载体和未使用载体时的沼气产量,在3种情况下的36d累积沼气产量分别为1430,1210,875mL。使用电子扫描电镜观察固定化微生物载体,发现有大量的厌氧菌群生长在载体内外表面。实验结果表明,该载体固定厌氧微生物的性能良好。     

利用成组生物测试评估不同深度处理工艺出水的安全性

针对北京北小河污水处理厂出水经深度处理后回用于奥运公园的生态安全性 ,用成组生物毒性测试方法比较了不同深度处理工艺对导致急性毒性的物质、内分泌干扰物质和Ah受体效应物质的去除效果 .结果表明 :城市污水厂出水中含有急性毒性、内分泌干扰和Ah受体效应毒性特征的污染物 ,超滤和活性炭对不同类型物质均有较好的去除效果 .活性炭吸附能基本有效去除具有急性毒性污染物 ,对Ah受体特征物质的去除率达到了98% ;超滤对非极性、具有急性毒性特征的物质和极性的类雌激素物质去除效果最好 ,经超滤处理后的出水非极性组分细胞存活率达100% ,极性组分雌激素当量由0.13pmol·L^-1下降到0.04 pmol·L^-1.微滤和反渗透工艺不能有效去除有毒有机污染物 .进行生物毒性测试时 ,不同组分之间可能存在相互作用 ,需要采用样品分级方法 .     

垃圾焚烧烟气高温净化反应产物的收尘技术

利用石灰作吸收剂在较高温度段净化垃圾焚烧烟气中所含的酸性气体,并及时进行收尘有利于焚烧炉的安全、经济运行。本实验在实验室规模的旋风分离器实验台上,对中、高温烟气工况下石灰净化HCl气体后的反应产物的分离效率以及反应产物的粒径变化规律进行了研究。试验结果表明:高温下石灰颗粒尤其是反应后的产物存在着团聚现象,并且产物团聚现象随烟气温度升高而加剧,进而显著地影响了分离效率,使450～760℃范围内的分离效率提高到94%以上。