邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial activity in a field soil planted with perennial ryegrass

Dissipation and plant uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated agricultural soil planted with perennial ryegrass were investigated in a field experiment. After two seasons of grass cultivation the mean concentration of 12 PAHs in soil decreased by 23.4% compared with the initial soil. The 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs were dissipated by 30.9%, 25.5%, 21.2%, and 16.3% from the soil, respectively. Ryegrass shoots accumulated about 280 μg·kg^-1, shoot dry matter biomass reached 2.48 × 10⁴ kg·ha^-1, and plant uptake accounted for about 0.99% of the decrease in PAHs in the soil. Significantly higher soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity were observed in planted soil than that in the unplanted control. The results suggest that planting ryegrass may promote the dissipation of PAHs in long-term contaminated agricultural soil, and plant-promoted microbial degradation may be a main mechanism of phytoremediation.     

影响短程硝化反硝化的因素

短程硝化反硝化是指将硝化过程控制在亚硝化阶段,随后在缺氧条件下进行反硝化的生物脱氮过程,其关键是如何控制硝化过程中影响HNO2积累的因素,分析影响HNO2积累因素,包括温度、游离氨、pH值、溶解氧、有害物质和泥龄,探讨实现短程硝化反硝化的途径。     

长期定位施肥下紫色土土壤微形态特征

通过对紫色土长期定位施肥下不同施肥处理0～20 cm耕层土壤微形态特征的研究,试图说明施肥对紫色土微形态的影响.用单偏光显微镜对不同处理的土壤微形态进行了观察与分析.结果表明:长期不施肥料的CK处理,土壤耕层结构致密,很少有孔隙发育,土壤微结构为结构较差的碎屑聚积状-沙粒聚积状;长期单施化学肥料,土壤颗粒未形成结构体,少孔隙,土壤微结构主要为斑晶胶凝状-细沙粒聚积状结构,土壤结构比CK处理优;长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥料配施的处理,土壤粗颗粒数量显著增加,结构疏松,孔隙量大,动、植物残体丰富,有铁锰结核和腐殖质的形成和微团聚体的发育,土壤微结构类型以MNPK处理最好,为胶凝紧实状-多孔状结构.有机无机肥料配施能显著改良紫色土的结构,培肥土壤,实现土壤可持续发展.     

Sea snakes anticipate tropical cyclone

Here, we report anticipatory behaviors of sea snakes and provide the first evidence for a sensory mechanism by which they survive a catastrophic cyclone. Sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) are normally abundant in littoral habitats at Lanyu (Orchid Island), Taiwan but disappeared coincident with falling barometric pressure prior to typhoon Morakot, which impacted the island severely during 7–9 August 2009. The abundance of sea kraits that are visible within the littoral zone correlates with barometric pressure, but not with precipitation or wind speed, which drives the surf. We found very little evidence of direct mortality caused by the storm, and the visible abundance of sea kraits following the storm returned to pre-storm levels. Data suggest that survival of sea kraits depends on the sensory perception of low pressures preceding a tropical cyclone, followed by behaviors which avoid the lethal storm energies potentially affecting this coastal population. Sea kraits likely find refuge in cavernous spaces beneath volcanic rocks of the seacoast.     

非活性黑根霉菌对废水中重金属离子的吸附

为探讨发酵工业中废弃的菌丝体黑根霉菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓｎｉｇｒｉｃａｎｓ）对水中重金属离子的吸附特性,考察ｐＨ、浓度、共存离子等因素对吸附能力的影响,进行了实验室吸附试验,绘制出吸附等温线,并由Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ曲线和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ曲线求出相应参数。对化学改性前后的黑根霉进行了吸附对比。初步分析了吸附机理。结果表明,黑根霉在ｐＨ＝３—６．５范围内,对Ｐｂ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）几种主要重金属离子都有吸附作用,其中吸附Ｐｂ２＋能力最高,饱和吸附量可达８８ｍｇ／ｇ。经化学改性的黑根霉可不同程度地提高吸附能力。用０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣＩ和ＮａｏＨ可以洗脱和再生。     

Smoke filtration performances of membranes produced from commercial PVA and recycled PET by electrospinning method and ANN modeling

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Plastic waste and air pollution are becoming a great concern due to their adverse effect on human health and the environment. There is increasing...     

Development of nutrient cycle through agricultural activities of a rural area in the North of Vietnam

Material flow analysis (MFA) has been applied to assess the environmental impact of human activities on nutrient flows at the commune scale. This paper reports the assessment of human excreta and animal manure as a nutrient source for paddy fields and fishponds in Hoang Tay commune, Ha Nam province, Vietnam. The quality of MFA model was confirmed through modified uncertainty analysis, then was used to originally quantify and visualize the interlinks of livestock with the environmental sanitation and agricultural system in terms of nutrients. Currently, half of the pig manure was collected to the biogas, and the remainders were freely discharged to the commune’s drainage system (25%) or directly reused in the paddy fields (25%). While wastewater in the drainage system was the biggest source of nitrogen (contributed 46%), paddy field was the biggest source of phosphorous (contributed 55%) discharged to the Nhue River, totaling 57 ± 9 ton N and 29 ± 6 ton P, annually. Consequently, mitigation measures for nutrient resource management were proposed, and reducing half of chemical fertilizers applied and reusing all excreta and manure in the paddy fields were the most effective option.     

水污染控制规划与GIS

在水污染控制规划中,总量控制是新手段,概率模型是新方法,ＧＩＳ是新工具。利用上述新手段,新方法和新工具,系统地介绍了水污染控制规划,初步探索了基于ＧＩＳ的水污染控制规划的实施途径。