Evapotranspiration in the Meso‐Scale Forested Watersheds in Minjiang Valley,West China1

Abstract: Information on evapotranspiration (ET) can help us understand water balance, particularly in forested watersheds. Previous studies in China show that ET was relatively low (30‐40% of total precipitation) in the Minjiang Valley located in the upper reach of the Yangtze River Basin. However, this conclusion was derived from research on small‐scale watersheds (<100 km²). The objective of this paper was to present ET information on meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley. Four meso‐scale watersheds (1,700‐5,600 km²) located in the Minjiang Valley were used to estimate ET using the water balance approach. We first generated forest vegetation variables (coniferous forest percentage, forest cover percentage, and derived forest vegetation index) using remote sensing data. Landsat 5 TM satellite images, acquired on June 26, 1994, were selected for the vegetation classification. Actual annual ET was calculated based on 11‐year estimated precipitation and measured streamflow data (1992‐2002). We also calculated potential ET (PET) using an improved Thornthwaite model for all four watersheds for the period of 1992‐1998. PET can provide additional information about potential capacity of water flux to atmosphere in the region. Seasonal (dry and rainy) PET and ET for all studied watersheds were also estimated for comparison purposes as the water balance approach, at shorter than annual scales, would likely provide inaccurate estimates of ET. The dominant vegetations in the Minjiang Valley were grasslands, conifer forests, and shrub‐lands. Our results confirmed that both ET and PET for three studied meso‐scale watersheds in the Minjiang Valley is relatively low (39.5‐43.8 and 28.2‐47.7% for ET and PET, respectively), with an exception of ET in the Yuzixi watershed being 71.1%. This result is generally consistent with previous research at small watershed scales. Furthermore, the low ET across various scales in the Minjiang Valley may be related to the unique deeply cut valley environment.     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子吸收法测定土壤中微量砷

用混酸消解土壤试样，用体积分数为20％的盐酸作酸介质，质量分数为1．5％的硼氢化钾作还原剂，体积分数为1％的盐酸作载液，采用流动注射-氢化物发生三-原子吸收法定量测定土壤中的微劈砷。通过实验确定，在原子化温度为920℃、土壤中共存元素含量低于5mg／kg时对测定无干扰。该方法的榆出限为0．5μg/L，线性范嘲为5～100μg/L．相对标准偏差为0．89％，平均回收率达98．99％：     

采油废水COD_(cr)处理设计和实验研究

针对某油田采油污水处理工艺不能有效去除ＣＯＤ_(ｃｒ),致使处理后水中的ＣＯＤ_(ｃｒ)不能满足ＧＢ８９７８－１９９６《污水综合排放标准》要求的情况,进行了采油废水ＣＯＤ_(ｃｒ)处理试验研究和工艺方案设计。通过小型动态试验研究,初步提出了经济上可行、技术上有效、流程较简单、运行安全可靠的废水治理方案,并确定了关键的技术参数。     

石油烃在水面上蒸发过程的研究

原油溢流到水体后对水体造成污染。研究油污的转化规律对于污染事故评价、污染治理方面有着非常重要的意义。通过对三种不同性质的原油进行的风化和蒸发实验 ,证明三种原油低组分具有很快的蒸发速度 ,4天时间就可蒸发掉90 %以上的原油 ,同时得出了不同原油的蒸发规律。     

盐分对生物脱氮过程影响的研究进展

含盐废水处理中生物脱氮是难题,重点阐述了盐分对不同脱氮方式微生物的影响,总结了含盐废水生物脱氮强化措施,指出应从细胞分子水平研究盐分对脱氮微生物的胁迫机制,加快耐盐脱氮菌种特别是嗜盐菌的筛选,以及针对不同微生物结合反应器做出参数优化策略。     

植物滞留系统中草本植物对磷的去除效果研究

以黑麦草、地毯草、高羊茅和早熟禾为研究对象,研究4种草本植物在植物滞留系统中不同介质、不同入口浓度下对城市非点源(人工降雨径流)中污染物磷的富集能力和去除效果。结果表明:4种草本植物对人工降雨径流中的磷均有明显的去除效果,TP平均去除率在60.24%～83.56%。不同草本植物去除人工降雨径流中TP的能力,从强到弱的顺序依次为:早熟禾>黑麦草>地毯草>高羊茅。其中,对于同一种草本植物同样的入口浓度情况下,沙土Ⅱ为最佳土壤介质,具有最佳的去除磷能力。4种草本植物对磷的去除率随入口浓度的增加,去除率也随之增加。4种草本植物地上部和地下部磷累积量分别为2.27～5.92 mg和4.33～6.46 mg;其中黑麦草磷累积总量最高,其次是地毯草,最低的是早熟禾。综合考虑污染物去除率和磷在植物体内的累积量,交替种植早熟禾和黑麦草可提高植物滞留系统去磷能力且有利于延长系统寿命。     

A mechanistic study of ciprofloxacin adsorption by goethite in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The adsorption behaviors of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, onto goethite (Gt) in the presence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (AgNPs and TiO₂NPs) were investigated. Results showed that CIP adsorption kinetics in Gt with or without NPs both followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of AgNPs or TiO₂NPs inhibited the adsorption of CIP by Gt. The amount of inhibition of CIP sorption due to AgNPs was decreased with an increase of solution pH from 5.0 to 9.0. In contrast, in the presence of TiO₂NPs, CIP adsorption by Gt was almost unchanged at pHs of 5.0∼6.5 but was decreased with an increase of pH from 6.5 to 9.0. The mechanisms of AgNPs and TiO₂NPs in inhibiting CIP adsorption by Gt were different, which was attributed to citrate coating of AgNPs resulting in competition with CIP for adsorption sites on Gt, while TiO₂NPs could compete with Gt for CIP adsorption. Additionally, CIP was adsorbed by Gt or TiO₂NPs through a tridentate complex involving the bidentate inner-sphere coordination of the deprotonated carboxylic group and hydrogen bonding through the adjacent carbonyl group on the quinoline ring. These findings advance our understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the presence of NPs.     

抗高温环保钻井液体系研究

文章选择清洁环保的钻井液处理剂进行抗高温钻井液体系实验研究与评价,对包被增粘剂、降失水剂等进行优选,对抗高温环保钻井液配方进行评价,研究出无毒、无害,抗温能力强、流变性好,失水较低的钻井液体系,现场应用满足高温深井的钻井生产要求。     

动力送风过滤式呼吸器的标准化

本文结合动力送风呼吸器国家标准的制订工作,概述了该国家标准的编制背景、原则,对该类呼吸防护装备的分类、主要技术内容及其编制依据,如送风量、泄漏率、防护时间、有效气流量等进行了介绍。该国家标准的制定对于规范和指导我国动力送风过滤式呼吸器的发展以及推动其应用具有重要的意义。