国家环境经济政策进展评估报告2023

本年度报告采取实地调研法和政策分析法,系统评估2023年我国环境经济政策实践进展,总体认为环境经济政策体系不断健全完善,为美丽中国建设与生态环境质量持续改善提供了重要推动力,在生态文明治理体系中的地位和作用更加凸显,为宏观经济全面绿色低碳发展转型及美丽中国建设目标加快实现提供了重要支撑。未来,需要更加强调环境经济政策的科学性、系统性、经济性和制度化建设,深化环境经济政策创新,实施统筹谋划、综合调控、集成应用,在环境治理体系和治理能力现代化建设中发挥更加重要作用。     

传感器技术在环境空气监测与污染治理中的应用现状、问题与展望

大气环境污染物监测是建立污染源与环境污染关系的重要技术途径,也是大气综合治理决策所需数据的主要来源。近年来,空气质量精细化管理和污染源精准控制的需求逐渐增长,对监测技术提出了更高的要求。传感器技术作为空气质量监测标准方法的补充,是实现城市空气质量高时空分辨率测量的新手段。研究从传感器的原理及分类入手,通过综述其在环境空气质量监测、污染源监控管理、个人暴露风险评估等领域的应用,总结了传感器技术的研发进展、应用现状和存在问题,并提出其发展方向和前景。     

美国EPCRA法案对我国推动企业环境信息公开的启示

本文围绕美国企业环境信息公开专项法案——EPCRA法案和在该法案要求下建立的、为世界各国所广泛采用的企业环境信息公开核心制度——有毒污染物释放清单制度(TRI),分析总结了发达国家促进企业环境信息公开的立法理念、制度体系、工作机制、技术支持、信息平台等方面的经验,并将其与我国企业环境信息公开专项制度《企业事业单位环境信息公开办法》进行了对比分析,识别了我国企业环境信息公开工作相关基础研究、制度设计、制度执行等方面的不足,且结合我国下一阶段推动环境质量全面改善的工作需求、推动排污许可改革等工作任务,就完善我国企业环境信息公开工作提出了建议。     

An Evaluation of Microscopic Emission Models for Traffic Pollution Simulation Using On-board Measurement

As a result of the continuously increasing numbers of motor vehicles in metropolitan areas worldwide, road traffic emission levels have been recognized as a challenge during the planning and management of transportation. Experiments were conducted to collect on-road emission data using portable emission measurement systems in two Chinese cities in order to estimate real traffic emissions and energy consumption levels and to build computational models for operational transport environment projects. In total, dynamic pollutant emissions and fuel consumption levels from dozens of light duty vehicles, primarily from four different vehicle classes, were measured at a second-by-second level. Using the collected data, several microscopic emission models including CMEM, VT-Micro, EMIT, and POLY were evaluated and compared through calibration and validation procedures. Non-linear optimization methods are applied for the calibration of the CMEM and EMIT models. Numerical results show that the models can realize performance levels close to the CMEM model in most cases. The VT-Micro model shows advantages in its unanimous performance and ability to describe low emission profiles while the EMIT model has a clear physics basis and a simple model structure. Both of them can be applied when extensive emission computation is required in estimating environmental impacts resulting from dynamic road traffic.     

安全与应急管理专业学科发展

为使各高校能有效应对工程教育与应急管理的新一轮发展，在新工科建设与应急管理部成立背景下研究安全与应急管理专业学科的现状与发展趋势。阐述专业建设与学科建设的联系、区别和作用，在此基础上分析安全与应急管理专业学科发展现状、凝练专业建设核心4要素、完善安全学科体系、总结应急管理一级学科体系构建思路，分别提出基于“现在完成进行时”与“将来完成进行时”状态的安全、应急管理专业学科发展趋势。结果表明:安全专业发展趋势分行业安全与“大安全”2类，安全学科仍需完善学科体系和科学分支；应急管理的长远发展趋势是设立一级学科，从而推动应急管理专业高质量创新型发展。     

Estimating willingness to pay for environment conservation: a contingent valuation study of Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China

The primary objective of this study is to estimate publics' willingness to pay (WTP) for environment conservation and analyze factors influencing WTP. A questionnaire survey based on the contingent valuation method (CVM) was carried out at Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Seventy-three percent of the 412 respondents were willing to pay at different levels, and the mean WTP value was RMB 54.60 ($8.03). The results of this survey struck an optimistic note that publics were willing to contribute to improve environmental quality. Logistic regression analysis was employed to compare the characteristics of those who were and were not willing to pay. Chi-square tests were administered to identify the relationships between various explanatory factors and WTP. Conclusions and implications of the empirical study can be provided to policy makers and site managers. In a wider sense, the findings of this study should make a good contribution to the literature related to WTP for environment conservation of natural attractions.     

固体废物危险特性鉴别有关问题的思考研究

简要介绍了中国危险废物鉴别程序,围绕鉴别程序从三个方面总结了固体废物危险特性鉴别的经验。固体废物判断需把握待鉴别物品生产的目的、社会属性及其相对性,若物品是有意生产,或其社会属性符合行业通行做法和市场需求,则该物品不属于固体废物;危险废物名录查询需把握废物的行业来源与生产工艺特征,其中生产工艺分析是确定废物行业来源的关键;开展分析测试需充分论证废物检测指标及其样本数,基础资料的收集和专家咨询是完善固体废物危险特性鉴别的必要手段。     

澧水入湖河床沉积物重金属污染特征及评价

利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对澧水入湖段河床沉积物重金属含量进行分析测定,并对沉积物重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,澧水入湖沉积物重金属Cd含量较高,超出土壤背景值3.5~15.6倍,超标率达100%.地累积指数评价结果显示,Cd处于中度污染水平,重金属污染程度从高到低为:CdCuNiMnZnCoPbCrV.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,沉积物Cd的生态风险指数RI值在84.3~230之间,表现出很强的生态风险.重金属生态风险排序为:CdCuNiPbCoCrVMnZn,且沉积物重金属Cd对潜在生态风险指数RI值的贡献率最大.健康风险评价结果显示,重金属Mn、V、Pb、Cr、Cu、Co、Zn、Ni、Cd等均没有显著的非致癌风险,儿童致癌风险比成人大1.3~5.6倍,其中,重金属Cr、Co可对儿童和成人构成潜在致癌风险.重金属Cd、Pb、Zn可能主要来自于工矿排放等人为带入,而V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu等重金属可能主要来自流域基岩的自然风化、侵蚀等地表作用.流域重金属污染防治应主要针对Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn等重金属污染而进行.     

环烷酸腐蚀动态模拟实验研究

通过环烷酸动态腐蚀模拟装置,研究了动态高温条件下流速和酸值变化对腐蚀的影响.结果表明:含有Mo的316L、317L耐环烷酸冲刷腐蚀性能明显优于304L和16MnR,流速30 m/s,温度300 ℃,304L不锈钢存在发生腐蚀速率突变的临界酸值,酸值(以KOH计)在2.5 ～4.3 mg/g之间.在酸值8.3 mg/g,300℃条件下,16MnR发生腐蚀速率急剧变化的临界流速≤10 m/s,304L不锈钢的临界流速应在10 ～30 m/s之间.