Field controlled experiments on the physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves to low-level air and soil mercury exposures

Thousands of tons of mercury (Hg) are released from anthropogenic and natural sources to the atmosphere in a gaseous elemental form per year, yet little is known regarding the influence of airborne Hg on the physiological activities of plant leaves. In the present study, the effects of low-level air and soil Hg exposures on the gas exchange parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and their accumulation of Hg, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined via field open-top chamber and Hg-enriched soil experiments, respectively. Low-level air Hg exposures (<50 ng m^?3) had little effects on the gas exchange parameters of maize leaves during most of the daytime (p?>?0.05). However, both the net photosynthesis rate and carboxylation efficiency of maize leaves exposed to 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly lower than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg in late morning (p?<?0.05). Additionally, the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves exposed to 20 and 50 ng m^?3 air Hg were significantly higher than those exposed to 2 ng m^?3 air Hg (p?<?0.05). These results indicated that the increase in airborne Hg potentially damaged functional photosynthetic apparatus in plant leaves, inducing free proline accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Due to minor translocation of soil Hg to the leaves, low-level soil Hg exposures (<1,000 ng g^?1) had no significant influences on the gas exchange parameters, or the Hg, proline, and MDA concentrations in maize leaves (p?>?0.05). Compared to soil Hg, airborne Hg easily caused physiological stress to plant leaves. The effects of increasing atmospheric Hg concentration on plant physiology should be of concern.     

纳米二氧化钛(nTiO_2)与双酚A对斜生栅藻(Scenedes-mus obliquus)的联合毒性效应

纳米二氧化钛(n Ti O2)在被人们广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境影响也受到越来越多的关注。为深入探讨n Ti O2与环境中现有污染物的相互作用及生物效应,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为受试生物,按照毒性单位法、相加指数法和混合毒性指数法,研究了n Ti O2与双酚A(BPA,一种常见的环境类雌激素)的联合毒性效应。结果显示,n Ti O2与BPA对S.obliquus生长的72 h半抑制浓度(EC50)分别为28.7 mg·L-1与1.81 mg·L-1。而n Ti O2与BPA共存时,在不同毒性比(4:1,3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2和1:3)下,其联合毒性作用(以BPA计)的72 h EC50值分别为2.198,1.58,1.153,0.428,0.306和0.189 mg·L-1。两者的联合毒性作用不仅仅是简单的相加,而是随着两者毒性比的变化,由拮抗作用转变为相加作用,继而转变为协同作用。这表明,n Ti O2进入环境后与现有污染物的毒性比(浓度比)可能是其联合毒性作用模式的一个重要影响因素。     

大气臭氧扩散采样方法的初步研究

用扩散采样法,吸收空气中的Ｏ３,该方法测得的Ｏ３浓度对臭氧发生系统产生的Ｏ３浓度的相关系数为０．９８９５。该方法测得的空气中Ｏ３浓度与自动连续监测结果符合很好。     

庆阳城市污水的高负荷生物吸附再生法处理生产性试验

采用高负荷生物吸附再生工艺处理城市污水,通过在庆阳市的生产性试验研究,结果表明,该工艺能有效去除水中较多的污染物;对实现西北干旱缺水地区污水资源化利用是切实可行的方法。     

CTMAB-膨润土从水中吸附氯苯类化合物的机理--吸附动力学与热力学

采用批量平衡实验,研究了CTMAB-膨润土从水中吸附4种氯苯类化合物（CBs）的吸附特性,并从动力学及热力学角度探讨了CBs的吸附作用机理．结果表明,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附活化能较小,反应速率较快,达到平衡的时间较短．CBs在CTMAB-膨润土上的吸附符合Linear方程,吸附过程主要由分配作用所致;CBs的辛醇-水分配系数越大,其在CTMAB-膨润土中的分配系数Kd也越大．另外,CTMAB-膨润土的有机碳含量越高,其对CBs的Kd也越大．CBs在CTMAB-膨润土上的吸附是一个放热过程,同时伴随着熵值的增加,在288—308K范围内,反应的吉布斯自由能变小,表明主要吸附作用力为疏水键力,吸附反应为自发过程．     

露天煤矿矿区生态资产负债核算技术方案

生态资产负债核算技术体系是施行生态环境管理政绩考核制度的必要科技支撑.目前生态资产研究在核算内容上注重生态资产流量评估而忽视生态资产存量损失计量,强调生态系统服务变化研究而对其变化原因探索不足,并且在研究技术手段上强调3S宏观技术手段而忽视微观生态要素调查和生态环境质量评价,因此尚不足以为地方政府生态环境管控绩效考核提供强有力支撑.针对露天煤矿开采所导致的严峻生态环境问题,将微观研究手段与宏观分析技术方法相结合,通过对比来分析核算时段起止年份生态资产存量的类别、数量、质量、空间格局,辨识矿区采矿作业、土地复垦、生态恢复等人类活动对生态环境的损益类型和特征;基于不同类别存量生态资产质量评价来判别其损益程度,进而划分生态资产负债核算类型区并探究其损益原因;以此为前提探索构建包括存量、流量及负债三部分内容在内的生态资产负债核算框架及技术方法,并采用直接法和间接法编制生态资产负债表.研究旨在弥补现有区域生态资产评估技术的不足,以为生态环境管理绩效考核提供更为客观、详实、可靠的资料数据为核心,倡导生态资产研究内容与方法的革新.      

Biodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A in the sewage sludge process

Anaerobic sewage sludge capable of rapidly degrading tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) was successfully acclimated in an anaerobic reactor over 280 days. During the period from 0 to 280 days, the TBBPA degradation rate(DR), utilization of glucose, and VSS were monitored continuously. After 280 days of acclimation, the TBBPA DR of active sludge reached 96.0% after 20 days of treatment in batch experiments. Based on scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observations and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) determinations,the diversity of the microorganisms after 0 and 280 days in the acclimated anaerobic sewage sludge was compared. Furthermore, eleven metabolites, including 2-bromophenol,3-bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, tribromophenol and bisphenol A,were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). Moreover, the six primary intermediary metabolites were also well-degraded by the acclimated anaerobic sewage sludge to varying degrees. Among the six target metabolites, tribromophenol was the most preferred substrate for biodegradation via debromination. These metabolites degraded more rapidly than monobromide and bisphenol A. The biodegradation data of the intermediary metabolites exhibited a good fit to a pseudo-first-order model.Finally, based on the metabolites, metabolic pathways were proposed. In conclusion, the acclimated microbial consortia degraded TBBPA and its metabolites well under anaerobic conditions.     

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...     

Mercury in leaf litter in typical suburban and urban broadleaf forests in China

Leaf litterfall plays an important role in transporting atmospheric mercury to soil in forests area.     

多菌种生物膜内各菌种生物量的动力学推定及验证

以Monod模型为基准,推导多菌种生物膜内各菌种生物量的推定模型.以东深供水原水生物预处理工程为研究对象,对生物填料进行静态、批量实验,推算生物膜内亚硝化菌（AOB）和硝化菌（NOB）在生物池内的沿程分布规律及其基质限制条件;进行生物膜内AOB和NOB的培养计数实验及反应器系统出水模拟,验证生物量推定结果.结果表明：多菌种生物膜内AOB和NOB生物量的动力学推定,方法简单、可行;生物膜内AOB和NOB的活性生物量沿池长均呈两头低中间高的特殊分布;膜内AOB和NOB的活性生物量分别占相应总生物量的68.2%～74.2%和25.0%～29.9%;以这些活性的AOB和NOB生物量推定结果进行反应器系统出水模拟效果相当理想.