煤中汞迁移规律及其形态分布研究

选择典型燃煤锅炉对其汞释放规律、形态分布特征进行了试验,并基于煤、石灰石、粗渣、细灰和烟气中的汞含量,给出了系统的汞平衡结果为104%~124%,可满足锅炉汞平衡要求。采用燃煤电厂汞形态浓度取样测试Ontario Hydro标准方法,给出了烟气中氧化汞、单质汞(Hg~0)的分布。结果表明:所测燃煤烟气汞浓度介于0.46~2.40μg/m~3之间,单质汞(Hg~0)占80%~90%。现有静电除尘器和脱硫设施对汞的排放有控制作用,使烟气总汞排放降低了90.3%~98.7%。     

基于好氧反硝化的SND生物滴滤塔除氨机制及微生物学分析

采用生物滴滤法除氨时,进气中的氧气会抑制生物反硝化,导致营养液中出现硝酸盐累积,不能真正实现氮素污染物的去除.本研究结合好氧反硝化理论,构建了同步硝化反硝化（SND）生物滴滤塔,探究了SND生物滴滤塔的除氨效率及氮转化规律,并采用16S rRNA技术解析了生物滴滤塔的微生物种群结构.结果表明,与对照生物滴滤塔相比,当停留时间为67 s时,SND生物滴滤塔可快速启动且除氨性能稳定,NH₃去除效率可达95%以上.当停留时间缩短为16 s时,SND生物滴滤塔的NH₃去除效率仍能达到90%,且具有较低的硝酸盐累积特征.高通量测序结果表明,SND生物滴滤塔具有更高的微生物多样性和稀有物种丰富度,其特有的优势菌属主要为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）.     

Distribution and sources of solvent extractable organic compounds in PM2:5 during 2007 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing

The solvent extractable organic compounds (SEOC), including n-alkanes, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, anddicarboxylic acids in PM2.5 during the 2007 Chinese Spring Festival in Beijing, were measured via gas chromatography-massspectrometry for determining the characteristics and sources of these organic pollutants. The concentrations of total n-alkanes, PAHs,and organic acids before Chinese Spring Festival Eve (1025.5, 95.9, and 543.3 ng/m3, respectively) were higher than those after (536.6,58...     

黄土塬区土地利用变化对硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响

为了分析黄土塬区土地利用变化对土壤中NO₃--N迁移规律的影响,在陕西长武黄土塬区沿东西方向设置6个样地,每个样地内均选择耕地、由耕地转变来的果龄10 a和20 a左右的苹果园(下称耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园)3种土地利用方式采集土壤样品,分析土地利用变化对NO₃--N迁移的影响,并初步评估其对地下水污染的潜在风险. 结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤中NO₃--N均出现累积现象,达到累积峰时的土层深度表现为果园＞耕地,NO₃--N最大累积量表现为20 a果园＞10 a果园＞耕地. 耕地、10 a果园和20 a果园土壤w(NO₃--N)平均稳定深度分别为300、400和500 cm,平均稳定值分别为2.4、2.5和2.6 mg/kg. 地下水中ρ(NO₃-)为15.3 mg/L,而3种土地利用方式下土壤中ρ(可移动态NO₃-)分别为14.2、26.2和26.3 mg/L,可见,与耕地相比,果园土壤中NO₃--N淋溶至地下水的风险更大. 但由于土地利用变化导致的土壤水分运动和地下水补给存在差异,各土地利用方式对地下水中NO₃--N的贡献率尚需进一步量化.      

丝瓜络固定化非活性颤藻对Pb2+的吸附特性

为研究丝瓜络固定化非活性颤藻对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性,选择游离颤藻为对照,考察环境因素对吸附过程的影响以及吸附动力学、等温线和吸附机理.结果表明,固定化和游离颤藻分别在90 min和60 min达到吸附平衡,与对照相比,吸附量增加了约20.6%;随着Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,固定化和游离颤藻的吸附量逐渐增加,并在70 mg·L~(-1)和60 mg·L~(-1)时,分别达到吸附饱和;吸附量依赖于pH的变化,当pH5时吸附量达到最大;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;Langmuir等温方程很好地描述了固定化和游离颤藻对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程,属于单分子层吸附,饱和吸附量分别为87.82±1.51 mg·g~(-1)和70.87±1.86 mg·g~(-1);傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线能量色散光谱(EDS)分析表明,氨基、羧基、羰基和羟基与Pb~(2+)的络合作用是固定化和游离颤藻的主要吸附机理.     

Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China

The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM 2.5(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns),and PM 10(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing.The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes,PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons),fatty acids and water soluble ions.The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index(CPI),%waxC n,selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges.The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65ng/m3 in Beijing,74% of which(i.e.,831.7ng/m3) was in the PM 2.5 fraction,PAHs reached 136.45ng/m3(113.44ng/m3 or 83% in PM 2.5),and fatty acids reached 436.99ng/m3(324.41ng/m3 or 74% in PM 2.5),which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles.The average concentrations of SO42-,NO3-,and NH4+ were 21.3±15.2,6.1±1.8,12.5±6.1μg/m3 in PM 2.5,and 25.8±15.5,8.9±2.6,16.9±9.5μg/m3 in PM 10,respectively.These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4),ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3).The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion,followed by gasoline combustion.The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles.The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion.The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion.     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.     

Effect of Substrate Henry’s Constant on Biofilter Performance

Abstract

Butanol, ether, toluene, and hexane, which have Henry's constants ranging from 0.0005 to 53, were used to investigate the effects of substrate solubility or availability on the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in trickle-bed biofilters. Results from this study suggest that, although removal of a VOC generally increases with a decrease in its Henry's constant, an optimal Henry's constant range for biofiltration may exist. For the treatment of VOCs with high Henry's constant values, such as hexane and toluene, the transfer of VOCs between the vapor and liquid phases or between the vapor phase and the biofilm is a rate-determining step. However, oxygen (O₂) transfer may become a rate-limiting step in treating VOCs with low Henry's constants, such as butanol, especially at high organic loadings. The results demonstrated that in a gas-phase aerobic biofilter, nitrate can serve both as a growth-controlling nutrient and as an electron acceptor in a biofilm for the respiration of VOCs with low Henry's constants. Microbial communities within the biofilters were examined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to provide a more complete picture of the effect of O₂ limitation and denitrification on biofilter performance.     

工业废物最少化管理与清洁生产

运用系统分析的方法阐述了工业废物最少化的宏观管理和微观管理,宏观管理上可建立“专家咨询和技术培训,立法措施及行政主管部门决策,工业企业实施及监督考核”的管理体系：微观管理则可建立具体的考核办法和指标,通过青岛市乡镇工业的实践证明,建立工业废物最少化管理体系并健全其运行机制,是推行清洁生产的必要条件。     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.