The Reuse of Urban and Industrial Waste in Tai-Lin-Pu Reclamation Project, Taiwan

This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan.

Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering.     

柠条的营养成分动态变化分析

试验结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿叶片中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、钙磷含量最高,其次为花,最差的是枝条,叶片中的粗纤维含量较低,是家畜优质的饲料。中间锦鸡儿种子中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量也很高。柠条的粗蛋白、吸附水以及磷的含量基本上以5月初为最高,从7月底到10月初呈下降趋势;粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、无氮浸出物含量从5月初到10月初逐渐增加。2年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量10月初达到最高,而多年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量则5月初为最高。随着生长年限的延长,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、吸附水、钙磷含量逐年下降,而粗纤维、粗灰分含量逐年增加,适口性下降。     

耐高浓度沼液产油小球藻的分离鉴定与特征分析

本研究从长期在空气中放置的沼液中分离得到1株可以耐受高浓度沼液的藻株,经形态和分子生物学方法鉴定为小球藻属的一种,命名为Chlorella sp.BWY-1.本研究所用的沼液来自于以固液分离后的猪场废水为发酵原料的沼气工程.与普通小球藻Chlorella regularis(FACHB-729)的对比研究表明,Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11和不同浓度的沼液中都有相对较强的生长速率、生物量积累能力和氮磷等污染物去除能力.Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11中有最高的生长速率和生物量生产力(324.40 mg·L-1,以dw计),但是其含油量和油脂生产力随着沼液浓度的增加而增加.在未稀释的沼液中Chlorella sp.BWY-1的含油量可达44.43%,油脂生产力达108.70 mg·L-1.分析结果表明该藻株在养殖废水处理和生物能源方面具有一定的应用潜力,可以结合固液分离、厌氧发酵等其他技术用于养殖场废水的处理和生物柴油的制取.     

二氧化氯对不同微生物的灭活特性及其对群落结构特征的影响

二氧化氯是一种性能优良、应用广泛的消毒剂,可通过破坏细胞或病毒的组成结构、阻碍细胞代谢等方式实现微生物灭活。在自配水条件下,以二氧化氯投加量×消毒时间计算,二氧化氯剂量在15（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见病毒（包括肠病毒71型、大肠杆菌噬菌体MS2等）3 log以上灭活率,在60（mg·min）/L时,可实现对常见细菌（包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等）1.5 log以上灭活率,但灭活隐孢子虫卵则需要更高的剂量（如1.9 log灭活率可能需约600（mg·min）/L剂量）;在实际污水厂进水中,30（mg·min）/L二氧化氯剂量只能分别实现0.8 log和0.5 log的大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群灭活率。二氧化氯消毒效果随温度升高显著提升,对于不同微生物,pH的变化对二氧化氯消毒效果的影响可能存在不同,而水中的有机物通常会因消耗二氧化氯而降低消毒效果,但在自然水体中也存在由于天然有机物可能的影响导致消毒效果优于自配水的情况。关于二氧化氯消毒后细菌群落结构的变化研究不多,仅有少量研究涉及市政污水、再生水、饮用水等。二氧化氯消毒一定时间后,悬浮态和生物膜上的微生物均可能出现再生长现象,但再生长过程中这些残生细菌的群落结构变化及其生长分泌特性仍有待研究。     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

基于离散元的钢‑土界面往复剪切特性研究∗

架空直立式码头结构被越来越多的应用于现代化内河港口建设，码头中所使用的大直径钢护筒嵌岩桩与桩周回填土形成钢?土界面，在船舶系靠等重复荷载作用下，界面的往复剪切行为影响桩基的承载性能。使用颗粒流软件及离散元方法，通过改变接触面的运动方式模拟了钢?土界面往复剪切特性，研究了接触面类型、剪切频率和剪切振幅等对往复剪切特性和界面能量变化的影响。研究结果表明：试样的剪切区域面积、剪切应力分布受接触面类型及粗糙度影响较大；同种类型的接触面，法向应力越大剪切区域面积会随之增大，但剪切区域面积的增加存在上限；剪切应力的主要作用范围在接触面中部，作用范围随着法向应力的增大而增大，剪切效果是几种因素共同作用的结果；在往复剪切运动中，各界面接触面附近孔隙率随时间步长增大不断减小，部分接触面孔隙率呈周期性波动；剪切频率、振幅对接触面附近孔隙率影响不大；边界能中大部分转化为应变能，小部分转化为摩擦能并受界面类型、界面粗糙度等因素的影响。