陕西秦岭南麓316国道沿线地质灾害防治对策研究

穿越于秦岭南麓汉台区北部中低山区的316国道沿线地质环境条件复杂,地质灾害类型多样。每年汛期地质灾害频发,数百至数万方的危岩体常将路面掩埋,少则堵塞交通数小时,多则数天,过往车辆及行人的财产受到严重威胁。由于316国道为我国南北运输的重要通道,社会影响较大。为此,该文在汉台区1:50 000地质灾害详细调查项目的基础上,将316国道作为重点地段进行专题研究,分析316国道沿线地质灾害的类型、发育特征、成因,并提出了相应的防治对策。调查分析认为316国道沿线地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流;孕育地质灾害发育的不稳定边坡坡型、坡向、坡高、宽度和厚度等决定地质灾害的发育特征;降雨和人类工程活动是地质灾害的主要诱发因素。最后,提出了以监测预警和卸荷减载、铺设柔性防护网、设置抗滑桩等为主的防治对策,为汉中市国土资源局汉台分局等相关部门地质灾害的防范提供决策与依据,也为公路沿线地质灾害的防治提供技术支撑。     

A pilot study on the effect of Cu,Zn, and Cd on the spectral curves and chlorophyll of wheat canopy at tiller stage

The aim of this study was to investigate canopy spectral reflectance responses to different levels of heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) induced stress. Random blocks design experiment was conducted to simulate Cu, Zn, and Cd at five concentration levels. Chlorophyll and visible and near infrared canopy reflectance were measured for each treatment 56 days after seeding using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and spectroradiometer, respectively. New vegetative indices termed ratio of inclination angles (RIA), MERIS (the medium resolution imaging spectrometer) terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to assess the response of canopy spectral reflectance to different heavy metal levels. Significant spectral variability especially in blue, red, and near infrared reflectance was observed for different heavy metal treatments. One-sample test showed significant difference for NDVI, MTCI, and RIA among five-level treatments at the 0.01 level. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the two vegetative indices (RIA and MTCI) were significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cd, Cu, and Zn treatments. However, NDVI was only significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cu and Zn treatments. Linear regression analysis also illustrated that RIA and MTCI were potential indices for predicting chlorophyll concentration with significant F test under Cu-, Zn-, and Cd-mediated stress.     

太湖地区近百年Hg污染富集特征研究

通过对太湖梅梁湾沉积物柱样中重金属汞总量的分析测量,并结合210Pb和137Cs计算沉积速率以确定年代,由此探讨了近百年以来Hg的富集特征和Hg的积累过程。结合磁化率与粒度特征,分析其与太湖沉积物中Hg含量的相关关系。结果表明,近百年来太湖沉积物中Hg含量呈持续增长的趋势,但是在20世纪80年代初期以来,沉积物中Hg的含量在逐渐降低,这与流域区域内重度污染工业规模的缩减是息息相关的;磁性矿物含量的增加与重金属污染的输入有关,中值粒径含量与磁化率呈一定的负相关关系,不同粒级的沉积物对于Hg的富集起到不同的作用,其中>32μm的粒级对于Hg的吸附作用随深度的增加而有所加强。     

Photocatalytic Treatment of RDX Wastewater with Nano-Sized Titanium Dioxide (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope The polynitramines, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), are important military explosives and regulated toxic hazardous compounds. Production, testing and use of the compounds has resulted in numerous acres of contaminated soils and groundwater near many munitions facilities. Economical and efficient methods for treatment of wastewater and cleanup of soils or groundwater containing RDX and HMX are needed. This study focuses on the photocatalytic treatment of RDX wastewater with nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) under simulated sunlight, whose intensity and wavelength are similar to that of the real sunlight in Xi'an at noon. The objective is to determine the potential for RDX destruction with nano-TiO2 in aqueous solution. Materials and Methods: An activated carbon fiber (ACF) cloth-loaded with nano-TiO2 was put into the RDX containing solution, and the concentration of RDX was measured (by HPLC–UV) at regular time intervals under simulated sunlight. Results: The RDX degradation percentage of the photocatalytic process is higher than that of Fenton oxidation before 80 min, equivalent after 80 min, and it reaches 95% or above after 120 min. The nano-TiO2 catalyst can be used repeatedly. Discussion: The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of RDX under simulated sunlight can be described by a first-order reaction kinetics equation. The possible degradation mechanism of RDX was presented and the degradation performance was compared with that of biological method. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that the degradation of RDX wastewater is very effective with nano-TiO2 as the photocatalytic catalyst under simulated sunlight. The efficiency of the nano-TiO2 catalyst for RDX degradation under simulated sunlight is nearly identical to that of Fenton oxidation. Recommendations and Perspectives: To date, a number of catalysts show poor absorption and utilization of sunlight, and still need ultraviolet light irradiation during wastewater degradation. The nano-TiO2 used in the described experiments features very good degradation of RDX under simulated sunlight, and the manufacturing costs are rather low (around 10 Euro/m2). Moreover, the degradation efficiency is higher compared to that of the biological method. This method exhibits great potential for practical applications owing to its easiness and low cost. If it can be applied extensively, the efficiency of wastewater treatment will be enhanced greatly.     

高氯离子水样COD测定方法的研究进展

COD是水质监测的一项重要指标，氯离子是COD测定中主要的干扰物之一。如何消除氯离子的干扰。提高COD测定的重复性和准确度。同时减轻二次污染，是广大环境监测者非常关注的问题。文章对高氯离子水样COD测定方法的研究进展作了简要综述。     

Culturable actinobacteria isolated from marine sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Iotrochota</Emphasis> sp.

The study describes the diversity of actinobacteria isolated from the marine sponge Iotrochota sp. collected in the South China Sea. Species and natural product diversity of isolates were analyzed, including screening for genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and 16S rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PKS and NRPS sequences were detected in more than half of the isolates and the different “PKS-I–PKS-II–NRPS” combinations in different isolates belonging to the same species indicated a potential natural product diversity and divergent genetic evolution. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the isolates belonged to genera Streptomyces, Cellulosimicrobium, and Nocardiopsis. The majority of the strains tested belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one of them may be a new species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterium classified as Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from a marine sponge. Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-recourses Sustainable Utilization (LMB-CAS), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica (LMMM-GD), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Republic of China.     

含水率及温度影响非饱和土导热系数的试验研究

土体的导热系数是能源岩土工程设计与研究中重要的热物理参数。工程中土体常处于非饱和状态。非饱和土体的导热系数会影响地下结构物的力学性能、热交换效率以及整个热工结构的工作效率。为给能源岩土工程设计与研究提供可靠的热物理参数,通过室内单元试验测量了不同含水率和温度下砾砂、粉土和黏土的导热系数,研究这三种非饱和土体的导热系数与含水率、基质吸力和温度的关系。研究结果表明,三种非饱和土体的导热系数都随含水率的增加而增加,最后趋于稳定。砾砂导热系数增加的速率最快,粉土次之,黏土最小。相同含水率下,砾砂导热系数最大,粉土次之,黏土最小。粉土的导热系数与基质吸力密切相关,其关系曲线趋势近似土 水特征曲线。三种土体的导热系数均随温度的增加近似线性增加,但增加幅度仅为10^-3级别,可忽略其影响。     

UV-Fenton氧化法处理DMSO废水的应用研究

采用UV-Fenton高级氧化法对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的碳纤维生产模拟废水进行降解处理,初步探索了UV/H2O2/Fe2+氧化反应机理和DMSO降解反应机理,研究了H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值及H2O2投加方式等因素对DMSO去除率的影响。结果表明:当H2O2浓度为0.15 mol/L,Fe2+浓度为0.6g/L,体系初始pH值为3⁴时,DMSO去除效果最佳,可达90%;在最佳条件下分3次等量加入H2O2,DMSO去除率可达95%。二甲基亚砜主要被降解成为CO2和SO2-4,不会造成二次污染。     

2014年冬季珠三角区域典型城市PM2.5污染时空关联特征

为探讨冬季珠江三角洲（下称珠三角）区域污染物的空间传输延迟性及其与气象、地理的关联性,利用2014年12月1日-2015年1月9日天气图、珠三角区域4个典型城市——韶关、广州、深圳、香港的地面气象数据及ρ（PM_2.5）,采用时间序列、相关性分析等方法,分析了2014年冬季各城市大气ρ（PM_2.5）变化关联特征以及受天气过程的影响.结果表明:在研究时段内,受11次冷空气南下和3次西南暖湿气流控制的典型天气过程影响,4个典型城市的ρ（PM_2.5）小时均值、日均值的时间序列变化趋势具有一致性,并且4个城市间的ρ（PM_2.5）相关性均呈现深圳与香港>广州与深圳>韶关与广州的现象.在冷空气南下的典型天气过程中,4个城市ρ（PM_2.5）小时均值存在显著相关,其中,韶关与广州的相关系数为0.84,广州与深圳的相关系数为0.80,深圳与香港的相关系数为0.92;4个城市间ρ（PM_2.5）变化存在一定的滞后现象,其中,广州较韶关延迟4 h,深圳较广州延迟3 h,香港较深圳延迟1 h;而在西南暖湿气流控制的典型天气过程中,4个城市间ρ（PM_2.5）变化的关联特征不明显.研究显示,冬季珠三角区域污染物在典型冷空气南下过程中存在较明显的空间传输延迟特征,并且各典型城市间浓度变化相关性较显著.      

Analysis of the trade-off between economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China

Lake eutrophication leading to water pollution is a major global concern. In recent years, rapid economic growth and the increase in the intensity of resource exploitation in China have caused the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes. This in turn has led to more severe lake eutrophication, more frequent outbreaks of algal blooms, and the degradation of lake ecosystems. An effective plan balancing economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions is greatly needed. The design and implementation of such a plan requires the collection and analysis of pertinent data. In this paper, we use the environmental computable general equilibrium (ECGE) model to identify the most effective way to balance economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. For the multiregional analysis, we use social accounting matrices (SAMs) and a provincial trade matrix based on the assumptions of the gravity model. We consider the Poyang Lake Watershed as a case study to illustrate the utility of the model. Based on present conditions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from sectors with the highest emissions is more effective for balancing economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions than restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from all sectors.