上海市PM2.5重金属污染水平与健康风险评价

为了解上海市大气环境中PM_2.5及其重金属的污染特征和健康风险,于2012年5~10月对上海市普陀区（PT）、闵行区（MH）和崇明岛（CM）大气颗粒物PM_2.5及其重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn）含量进行了监测.结果显示,PM_2.5质量浓度介于13.66~143.52 μg·m^-3之间,其中,普陀和闵行大气中PM_2.5的含量高于崇明岛,且于5月、9月和10月超出国家空气质量二级标准（24 h均值75 μg·m^-3）.3个监测点PM_2.5中重金属含量的时间分布规律与PM_2.5一致;崇明岛PM_2.5中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量整体上低于普陀和闵行,而Cr的含量则较高.5种重金属元素对成年男性的健康风险最大,其次是成年女性,对儿童青少年的健康风险则最小;其中,Cd和Cr的风险指数要高于Cu、Pb、Zn的风险指数.     

Human health risk assessment of lead pollution in atmospheric deposition in Baoshan District,Shanghai

The lead (Pb) content in atmospheric deposition was determined at 42 sampling sites in Baoshan District of Shanghai, China. Based on exposure and dose–response assessments, the health risk caused by Pb exposure in atmospheric deposition was investigated. The results indicated that Pb was significantly accumulated in atmospheric deposition. The spatial distribution of Pb was mapped by geostatistical analysis, and the results showed that pollution hotspots were present at traffic and industrial zones. Ingestion was the main route of Pb exposure in both adults and children. For children the risk value was above 1, whereas it was below 1 for the adult group. Therefore, children belong to the high-risk group for Pb exposure from atmospheric deposition in the observed area of Shanghai, China.     

灾害风险理论与风险管理方法研究

灾害风险与风险管理理论是当前学术研究的热点问题,但是对灾害风险内涵的认识还没有统一.在综述国内外灾害风险理论成果的基础上,通过对当前研究现状的综合分析,提出了灾害风险的定义和理论模型.依据对灾害风险理论的界定和认识,从风险辨识、风险分析、风险评估和风险减缓4个方面构建了灾害风险管理理论框架.最后,针对当前灾害风险管理的研究现状明确了未来研究的方向和建议.     

A comprehensive investigation and assessment of mercury in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai

The aims of this paper were to survey the total Hg levels and distribution character in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai, and identify the environment factors that might influence the sediment Hg concentrations, and to assess the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of Hg in sediment. Eighty-eight surface sediment samples and 18 sediment cores were collected for Hg contamination analysis. Physicochemical properties including Eh, particle size, content of total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) were also measured. Index of geo-accumulation (I _geo) and potential ecological risk index were used respectively to assess the pollution levels and the ecological risk of sediment Hg. The average of total Hg concentrations in surface sediments was 107.4?±?90.9 ng/g with the range from 0 to 465.9 ng/g. Higher Hg concentrations were generally found in surface sediments near sewage outfalls and the mouth of rivers. Total Hg concentrations were significantly correlated with TOC (p?<?0.05) both in surface (r?=?0.24) and core (r?=?0.29) sediments, but not with the other environment factors (Eh, AVS, and particle size). Geo-accumulation index indicated that Hg contamination in intertidal sediments was generally at none to moderate degree, while potential ecological risk index demonstrated that the risk caused by Hg were at moderate to considerable level. Intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai has generally been contaminated by Hg, and it might pose moderate to considerable risk to the local ecosystem. The Hg contamination is related more to the coastal pollution sources and complicated hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions than the other environment factors studied.     

黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中汞、砷的分布特征

对黄浦江上游饮用水源地水及沉积物中Hg、As的含量及分布进行了调查研究.结果表明,水中Hg、As的浓度范围分别为0.0407～0 2287μg·L-1、0.6087～5.2667μg·L-1,平均值分别为0.1492μg·L-1、2.7442μg·L-1;与地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准相比,83.3%的样点Hg浓度超标,As未出现超标现象.沉积物中Hg、As的含量范围分别为0.0479～0.4169mg·kg-1、4.84～9.01mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.1488 mg·kg-1、6.59mg·kg-1;57.1%的样点Hg含量超过了上海市土壤背景值,As含量未超标.从空间分布来看,位于工业园区河流的采样点及河流入江口的采样点水体中Hg、As浓度较高.沉积物对Hg、As的浓缩系数分别位于209～2361、1113～11171之间.沉积物中Hg、As的含量均与有机碳含量成显著正相关关系,表明本研究区域沉积物中有机碳是Hg、As含量的主要影响因子.根据Hg、As的分布特征,推断黄浦江上游饮用水源地Hg、As的污染源主要包括工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污水垃圾、上游来水、河流沉积物的二次污染、来往船只污染物的排放等.     

基于GIS的上海城市灰尘重金属空间分布特征研究

基于ArcGIS地统计分析模块,以上海市外环以内为研究区域,对上海城市道路和公园灰尘中重金属Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn含量水平和空间分布特征进行了研究.研究表明:上海城市灰尘重金属平均含量水平普遍较高,Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn平均含量分别为273.45、144.01、190.01、86.26、708.25 mg·kg-1,分别高出上海土壤背景值10.7、1.9、6.6、2.7、8.2倍;外环区域Pb、Zn、Ni污染严重,尤以工业区、商业区以及交通繁忙区最突出.地统计分析表明,Pb和Cu呈较弱的空间相关性,说明Pb和Cu的空间变异以人为影响为主;Zn、Cr和Ni为中等相关,说明随机性因素和结构因素对这3种元素都有较大影响;基于ArcGIS的地统计学分析工具能够较好地反映重金属污染的空间分布格局.     

水动力作用对潮滩表层沉积物重金属时空分布的影响

选取上海滨岸滩具有代表性的4个采样断面，分析了重金属在潮滩表层沉积物中的季节含性量变化。结果表明，在水动力作用较弱的地貌部位，表层沉积物中重金属元素明显趋于富集。在崇明东旺沙、白龙港排污口附近和奉新边滩表层沉积物中，Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn的最低值出现于夏季，而在东海农场表层沉积物中，这几中重金属元素的最低值出现于秋季，夏季值反而较高。Cd与此不同。这说明在长江冲淡水作用下，重金属污染物能沿岸发生迁移与扩散，Cd受长江冲淡水影响较小。     

Eutrophication and algal blooms in channel type reservoirs: A novel enclosure experiment by changing light intensity

To explore eutrophication and algal bloom mechanisms in channel type reservoirs, a novel enclosure experiment was conducted by changing light intensity (LI) in the Daning River of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Square enclosures (side 5.0 m) were covered on the surface with shading materials of different thickness, and with their bases open to the river. Changes and characteristics of the main eutrophication factors under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions but different LI were evaluated. All experimental water samples were neutral and alkalescent, with high nitrogen and phosphate concentrations, low potassium permanganate index, stable water quality, and different LI. At the same water depth, LI decreased with increasing shade material, while dissolved oxygen and water temperature were both stable. The growth peak of phytoplankton was with light of 345-4390 lux underwater or 558-7450 lux above the water surface, and water temperature of 25.6-26.5℃. Algae were observed in all water samples, accounting for 6 phylum and 57 species, with algal density changing frequently. The results showed that significantly strong or weak light was unfavorable for phytoplankton growth and the function together with suitable temperature and LI and ample sunshine encouraged algal blooms under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that algae reduced gradually lengthwise along water depth in the same enclosure while pH became high. The power exponent relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and LI was found by curve fitting, that is Chl-a = K(LI)ⁿ.     

上海市郊中小河流氮磷污染特征

：①上海市郊中小河流有很高的氮磷和有机负荷,其表层水凯氏氮、总磷和COD_Cr指标均数倍于V类水的最大允许值.②由于受纳污染物类型和总量上的差异,中小河流氮磷污染存在明显的空间分异:居民区附近的小河流氨氮和磷的污染很重;主要受农田径流影响的小河流,氨氮和磷的污染较轻,但受硝氮污染的风险加大;养殖场附近的小河流,氨氮和磷有突发性暴增的现象.③中小河流氮磷污染,还受河流季节性生态环境演变的影响.随着气温升高和河流表层生物量的增大,表层水NH₄⁺、NO₃^-因大量消耗而降低;有机N和颗粒态P含量因生物量的增加而上升;NO₂^-也会因硝化细菌活动的加剧而增加.水溶态磷和总磷也有随着气温和生物活动的增加而增高的趋势,但还要受到水体pH、DO等条件的影响.④在盛夏高温季节,水流滞缓的小河流表层水和底层水的氮磷指标存在明显分异:底层水NH₄⁺、水溶态磷和总反应态磷含量高于表层水;而表层水NO₃^-和NO₂含量高于底层水.这种富营养化水质分层现象的产生是夏季河流表层生物量暴增和底泥氮磷释放加剧的必然结果.至秋季,随着气温的回落,水质分层现象逐渐减弱.     

夏季潮滩对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液氮、磷净化效果研究

垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液造成的环境污染问题El益严重。采用自然湿地对垃圾渗滤液净化有诸多优点,而相关的研究较少。根据渗滤液的不同浓度和不同滞留时间的净化效果不同,采用实验室模拟和培养的方法来研究老港垃圾填埋场附近潮滩对垃圾渗滤液营养盐N、P的净化效果。研究发现：夏季老港中、低潮滩在较短滞留时间（6h）内对各浓度渗滤液中N、P的净化效果不明显,而在较长滞留时间内（96h）中、低潮滩对各浓度渗滤液净化效果明显,净化后污水中N、P含量可达到排放标准;垃圾渗滤液质量分数为5％时,潮滩对N、P的净化效果最为明显。