Heavy metal availability,bioaccessibility, and leachability in contaminated soil: effects of pig manure and earthworms

A pot experiment and a leaching experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of earthworms and pig manure on heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) immobility, in vitro bioaccessibility and leachability under simulated acid rain (SAR). Results showed manure significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), available phosphorus (AP), total N, total P and pH, and decreased CaCl₂-extractable metals and total heavy metals in water and SAR leachate. The addition of earthworms significantly increased AP (from 0.38 to 1.7 mg kg^?1), and a downward trend in CaCl₂-extractable and total leaching loss of heavy metals were observed. The combined earthworm and manure treatment decreased CaCl₂-extractable Zn, Cd, and Pb. For Na₄P₂O₇-extractable metals, Cd and Pb were decreased with increasing manure application rate. Application of earthworm alone did not contribute to the remediation of heavy metal polluted soils. Considering the effects on heavy metal immobilization and cost, the application of 6% manure was an alternative approach for treating contaminated soils. These findings provide valuable information for risk management during immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils.

     

脉冲磁场对电厂循环冷却水中异养菌的灭活

为了控制微生物繁殖对电厂循环冷却水系统造成的危害，研究了脉冲电源发生器与线圈绕组相连产生的脉冲磁场对循环水中异养菌的灭活影响，并对灭活关键因素进行了分析。实验结果表明，脉冲磁场对电厂循环冷却水中的异养菌有灭活作用；灭活率对频率和输出电压有选择性，并且随着作用时间和温度的升高而升高；在扫频范围100～1000 Hz、输出电压3 V、单次作用时间为15 s，温度45℃时，异养菌灭活率达到78.8%。     

柠檬酸促进土壤镉解吸的机理研究

以人工致污的广东红壤为材料,采用平衡批处理法研究了不同浓度及不同pH值的柠檬酸溶液对土壤中重金属镉解吸产生的影响,并对处理前后的土样进行了镉的形态分析。研究结果表明:柠檬酸可以促进土壤镉的解吸且促进作用随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加;随着溶液pH的变化,溶液中柠檬酸的形态发生变化,导致其络合土壤镉的能力发生变化;与原土相比,经过柠檬酸处理后土样中的酸可提取态镉所占比例下降,说明柠檬酸对土壤镉解吸的部分主要来自酸可提取态。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATION OF LUNISOLAR TIDAL FORCE AND EARTHQUAKES IN TAI WAN

Ａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｉｓａｂｒｅａｋｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｎｅｒｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｓｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ ,ａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｅｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ ｓｉｓａｎｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｒｅａｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｓｕｄｄｅｎｒｅｌｅａｓｅｏｆｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ .Ｔｈｅｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅａｒｅａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙａｖａｒｉｅｔｙｏｆｆａｃｔｏｒｓ.Ａｓａｐｌａ…     

新型动火安全防护盲板的研究与应用

介绍了新型石油石化生产动火作业配套工具动火安全防护盲板的结构、原理和使用方法 ,分析了它的特点和推广应用前景     

有机酸对珠江三角洲水稻土镉解吸行为的影响

用批平衡实验方法,研究了3种有机酸及其两两混合酸在一系列pH值梯度下(pH3~7)对珠江三角洲沉积型水稻土镉(Cd)解吸的影响.结果表明,只有柠檬酸及含柠檬酸的混合酸在较低酸度区(pH>5)可以显著促进Cd的解吸,这一效应与浓度成正相关,而苹果酸、草酸及二者的混合酸在所试验酸度范围均促进了Cd吸附,特别是草酸,促进作用随浓度的升高而增强.在较低pH区(pH<5),苹果酸最有利于Cd解吸,在高pH区(pH≥5),柠檬酸最有利于Cd解吸,草酸的Cd解吸能力最低.混合有机酸交互作用不显著,对Cd解吸的影响约等于各个单独酸的作用之和,但在一些酸度条件下,可存在颉颃作用.图3表2参22     

Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades

Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started (50 years) had 1,050.0 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg^?1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg^?1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain (and partially rice stalk) only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulted from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time.     

不同林龄木麻黄人工林生物多样性与土壤养分状况研究

木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）是我国东南沿海海岸防护林骨干树种。本文对广东省茂名市木麻黄防护林开展了不同林龄的种群结构、植物多样性、以及土壤养分特征的研究。结果表明,滨海沙地木麻黄群落在生长过程中有明显的自疏现象,18年林个体数（975株·hm-2）不足3年林个体数一半（2350株·hm-2）,3年至6年龄木麻黄生长最快。调查林地内共有植物27种,其中灌木8种,草本植物18种。随林龄的增长,林下植物种数显著增加,多样性指数、均匀度指数逐步增加,优势度指数下降。林地土壤有机碳、全氮与速效氮供应水平极低;土壤磷供应相对较好,表层有效磷一般高于3.5mg·kg-1。土壤有效养分与植物多样性显著相关,显示养分是植物定居的主要限制因素。结果表明,木麻黄林结构简单,生物多样性低,土壤养分贫乏。     

油田修井作业气动卡盘

分析了在石油修井作业过程中造成管钳打伤操作人员的事故原因 ;论述了新型油田修井作业气动卡盘的结构和工作原理。当该气动卡盘用于修井作业后 ,操作人员可坐在作业车驾驶室内操作动力控制阀 ,使气动卡盘卡住或松开油管 ,操作人员不再用人力操作管钳 ,消除了造成管钳打伤操作人员的事故 ,不但保证了安全生产 ,而且使劳动强度也比原来大大减轻 ,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。该气动卡盘与“油田修井液压钳安全自动操作装置”配套使用 ,可实现自动化操作     

石灰与磷肥对籽粒苋吸收镉的影响

籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)是我国广泛栽种的牧草,但具有富集重金属Cd的特性,探讨减少其吸收镉的方法技术,可以降低人畜受害风险.研究利用温室盆栽方法,比较了施用磷肥和石灰对降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量的影响.于含镉5 mg·kg-1的污染菜园土中,以粉末形式加入3 g·kg-1 Ca(OH)2,或以液态形式加入磷肥(0.326 g·kg-1 Ca(H2PO4)2)至P浓度80 mg·kg-1,该施用量为农业应用常规水平.播种籽粒苋,于60 d后收获,测定相关参数.结果表明,施用石灰使土壤pH上升1.7单位,土壤有效Cd下降至极低水平,从而大幅降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量,较对照下降约56%,但施石灰也使土壤供磷量下降,使籽粒苋的生物量也减少了约一半.施用石灰后,土壤的Ca与K供应量以及籽粒苋体内Ca与K含量均明显增加,Ca、K与Cd形成的竞争吸收也是施用石灰后籽粒苋Cd含量下降的一个原因.本地菜同土含有较高的有效磷,以常规农业磷肥施用量施用磷肥对籽粒苋吸收Cd没有明显影响,对生物量也没有明显影响,但适当提高施用量预期会有一定的效果.因而,对广州地区菜园土,使用合理的石灰施用量,可有效降低籽粒苋Cd吸收量.