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81.
The interaction between emissions trading and renewable electricity support schemes. An overview of the literature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pablo del Río González 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1363-1390
The public promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources coexists in many countries with the recent implementation
of emissions trading schemes. As shown by several papers, this coexistence may lead to significant interactions between both
instruments, in the form of synergies and conflicts. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the literature on such
coexistence and interactions. A major conclusion is that policy measures aiming at exploiting the synergies between both instruments
should be implemented. The greatest synergy effects from the use of both instruments take place through appropriate coordination
of their targets. Another key finding is that, although some stylised facts can be inferred from the studies, some results
from those complex interactions are context-specific since they depend on the design of the instruments in particular countries.
In spite of the significant policy implications of such interactions for the effective and cost-effective functioning of both
instruments, this is a surprisingly under searched field. It is so concerning, both, theoretical and empirical analysis.
相似文献
Pablo del Río GonzálezEmail: |
82.
Dagmar I. Werner Esmeralda M. Baker Elizabeth del C. Gonzalez Ines R. Sosa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1987,21(2):83-89
Summary The research addressed two questions: (1) doIguana iguana hatchlings recognize their kin, and (2) what are the recognition mechanisms? Eggs were collected from wild and captive-raised
females and hatched in semi-natural incubators. In the first experiment we used eggs from two females. One of the clutches
was subdivided to be placed in different incubators. Immediately after emergence one of these hatchling groups was introduced
into a 10 m x 10 m enclosure. At the same time we introduced hatchlings from another female. The remaining hatchling group
was kept separate for 3 weeks and was then introduced into the same cage. Unrelated hatchlings separated from each other.
Related but separated hatchlings grouped according to introduction date. In the second experiment we maintained eight kin
groups in individual cages and two hatchlings per kin group in an additonal cage. Hatchlings from the mixed group showed no
preference for their kin before physical contact with pure kin groups had occurred. After physical contact hatchling recognized
their kin by feces smell. Body odor is likely to be also involved. 相似文献
83.
Lipophilic extractives in process waters during manufacturing of totally chlorine free kraft pulp from eucalypt wood 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from process waters throughout a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence after kraft pulping of eucalypt wood has been studied. These compounds are among the most problematic wood constituents for both TCF and zero liquid effluent (ZLE) processes, since they tend to accumulate in circuits resulting in the formation of the so-called pitch deposits causing serious problems in the pulp and paper industry. Pitch deposits collected at different parts of the pulp mill were also characterized and their composition compared with that of lipophilic compounds in process waters and Eucalyptus globulus wood. The identification of these compounds from process waters, wood and pitch deposits was performed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using short- and medium-length high temperature capillary columns. Sterols, sterol esters, steroid ketones and steroid hydrocarbons were the main compounds identified. These chemical species arise from eucalypt wood extractives that survive the pulping and are released from pulp into the process waters during the bleaching process. Finally, they can deposit in pulp and on different parts of the mill or remain suspended in process waters being discharged in effluents. 相似文献
84.
The determination of Pb, V, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and Fe in particles of different size obtained from the combustion of waste oils has been carried out. The study consists of the separation of several fractions according to the size of particles, the wet digestion and the individual analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry of the mentioned metals. Taking into account the volatilization temperature of different compounds containing the metals and their distribution on the size fractions, the mineral speciation of metals is proposed. 相似文献
85.
Ortega M Elena-Roselló R García del Barrio JM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,95(1-3):97-116
Approaches linking biodiversity assessment with landscape structure are necessary in the framework of sustainable rural development. The present paper describes a methodology to estimate plant diversity involving landscape structure as a proportional weight associated with different plant communities found in the landscape mosaic. The area occupied by a plant community, its patch number or its spatial distribution of patches are variables that could be expressed in gamma plant diversity of a territory. The methodology applies (1) remote sensing information, to identify land cover and land use types; (2) aspect, to discriminate composition of plant communities in each land cover type; (3) multi-scale field techniques, to asses plant diversity; (4) affinity analysis of plant community composition, to validate the stratified random sampling design and (5) the additive model that partitions gamma diversity into its alpha and beta components. The method was applied to three Spanish rural areas and was able to record 150-260 species per ha. Species richness, Shannon information index and Simpson concentration index were used to measure diversity in each area. The estimation using Shannon diversity index and the product of patch number and patch interspersion as weighting of plant community diversity was found to be the most appropriate method of measuring plant diversity at the landscape level. 相似文献
86.
García Hernández JE González Martín MM Notario del Pino JS Arbelo Rodríguez CD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1992,76(3):219-223
The presence of abundant zeolites in association with volcanic pumiceous materials in Tererife (Canary Islands) prompted us to study their properties as a water purifying bed for inorganic contaminants, pathogenic bacteria, and soluble organic matter. The experimental model used was a chemical percolation reactor with a constant flux of solution, where the fixation kinetics were studied by comparing the input and the output solutions. The ammonium and phosphate retention values found after 10 days of constant percolation were 70% and 14%, respectively. In addition, a high reduction of soluble organic matter was observed, as well as the total removal of the bacteria species studied. The N-P-K values of the soluble and exchangeable nutrients indicate the potential capacity of the bed as a slow-release fertilizer. 相似文献
87.
Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado Andres Bravo-Oviedo Gregorio Montero Miren del Río 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(7):1059-1072
Thinning, as a forest management strategy, may contribute towards mitigating climate change, depending on its net effect on forest carbon (C) stocks. Although thinning provides off-site C storage (in the form of wood products) it is still not clear whether it results in an increase, a reduction or no change in on-site C storage. In this study we analyze the effect of thinning on C stocks in a long-term experiment. Different thinning intensities (moderate, heavy and unthinned) have been applied over the last 30 years in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, with a thinning rotation period of 10 years. The main C compartments were analyzed: above and belowground tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor and upper 30-cm of the mineral soil and tree biomass removed in thinning treatments. The results revealed that unthinned stands had the highest C stocks with 315 Mg C ha?1, moderate thinning presented 304 Mg C ha?1 and heavy thinning 296 Mg C ha?1, with significant differences between unthinned and heavily thinned stands. These differences were mainly due to C stock in live biomass, which decreased with thinning intensity. However, soil C stocks, forest floor and mineral soil, were not influenced by thinning, all of the stands displaying very similar values 102–107 Mg C ha?1 for total soil; 15–19 Mg C ha?1 for forest floor; 87–88 Mg C ha?1 for mineral soil). These results highlight the sustainability of thinning treatments in terms of C stocks in this pinewood afforestation, and provide valuable information for forest management aimed at mitigating climate change. 相似文献
88.
Francisco J. Arjona Susana Sangiao-Alvarellos Sergio Polakof Angel García-López María P. Martín del Río Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez José L. Soengas Juan M. Mancera 《Marine Biology》2008,153(4):661-671
To assess the interaction between testosterone (T) treatment and acclimation to different salinities, seawater-acclimated
gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) were implanted with slow-release coconut oil implants alone (control) or containing T (5 μg/g body mass). After 5 days,
eight fish of control and T-treated groups were sampled. The same day, eight fish of each group were transferred to low salinity
water (LSW, 6 ppt, hypoosmotic test), seawater (SW, 38 ppt, control test) and high salinity water (HSW, 55 ppt, hyperosmotic
test) and sampled 9 days later. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity increased in HSW-acclimated fish with respect to SW- and LSW-acclimated fish in both control and T-treated
groups. Kidney Na+, K+-ATPase activity was also enhanced in HSW-acclimated fish, but only in T-treated group. From a metabolic point of view, most
of the changes observed can be attributed to the action of salinity and T treatment alone, since few interactions between
T treatment and osmotic acclimation to different salinities were observed. Those interactions included in treated fish: in
the liver, decreased capacity in using glucose in fish acclimated to extreme salinities; in the gills, decreased capacity
in using amino acids in HSW; in the kidneys increased capacity in using amino acids in extreme salinities; and in the brain,
decreased glycogen and acetoacetate levels of fish in LSW. 相似文献
89.
Many marine organisms are fixed or highly sedentary as adults but the adult population may be strongly dependent on the oceanic transport of planktonic larvae. In order to assess interactions between oceanographic and biological processes that determine the population dynamics of marine organisms with a sessile adult phase restricted to the coastline and a planktonic larval phase, we present a stage-structured finite element model for the barnacle Balanus glandula that inhabits the rocky intertidal zone of central California, USA. 相似文献
90.
The species-time relationship (STR) describes how the species richness of a community increases with the time span over which the community is observed. This temporal scaling provides insight into theoretical questions on species diversity patterns as well as applied questions on the appropriate time scale for biodiversity assessments. To better understand STRs, we discuss the methods used to construct STRs in the literature and derive the impact of curve construction on STR properties. Using vegetation data from Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, we illustrate the sensitivity of the STR to construction under colonization-dominated dynamics. This study highlights the importance of considering the type of STR when interpreting, comparing, and applying STRs, particularly in disturbed or successional systems. 相似文献