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121.
Carlos E. Ruiz Nadim M. Aziz Paul R. Schroeder 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(3):151-158
This paper describes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers screening-level water quality model (RECOVERY version 3.0) for assessing long-term impacts of contaminated bottom sediments on surface waters. The model couples contaminant interaction between the water column and the bottom sediment, as well as between contaminated and clean bottom sediments. The analysis is intended primarily for organic contaminants with the assumption that the overlying water column is well mixed vertically. The contaminant is assumed to follow linear, reversible, equilibrium sorption and first-order decay kinetics. The system is physically represented as a well-mixed water column (i.e., zero-dimensional) underlain by a vertically-stratified sediment column (i.e., one-dimensional). The sediment is well-mixed horizontally but segmented vertically into a well-mixed surface (active) layer and deep sediment. The deep sediment is segmented into variably contaminated and clean sediment regions. Processes incorporated in the model are sorption, decay, volatilization, burial, resuspension, settling, bioturbation, and pore-water diffusion. The solution couples contaminant mass balance in the water column and in the mixed sediment layer along with diffusion in the deep sediment layers. The model was verified against laboratory and field data, as well as against an analytical solution for the water and mixed sediment layers. These comparisons indicate that the model can be used as an assessment tool for evaluating remediation alternatives for contaminated bottom sediments. 相似文献
122.
Gil Koplovitz James B. McClintock Charles D. Amsler Bill J. Baker 《Marine Biology》2011,158(12):2661-2671
The present study analyzed the bioactivity of whole body extracts from six solitary and eight colonial ascidian taxa against
20 sympatric bacterial isolates and one sympatric diatom species from the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Ascidians had crude
lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts assayed against 20 bacterial strains. The lipophilic extract of one ascidian caused growth
inhibition in all bacterial isolates at 3× tissue-level concentrations. The lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts were fractionated
into seawater-soluble and insoluble fractions and assayed at three concentrations against a sympatric diatom species. Significant
diatom mortality was detected at 3× and 1× concentrations in all but one ascidian taxon. Lipophilic fractions caused higher
diatom mortality than hydrophilic extracts. The specificity of secondary metabolites against diatom fouling and the lack of
activity against bacteria suggest high selective pressure for chemical defenses against diatom fouling or the potential that
bacterial pathogens are controlled by the ascidian immune system. 相似文献
123.
124.
Taylor S. Roumeliotis Brad J. Dixon Bill J. Van Heyst 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(31):3770-3777
This paper characterizes the emission rates of size fractionated particulate matter, inorganic aerosols, acid gases, ammonia and methane measured over four flocks at a commercial broiler chicken facility. Mean emission rates of each pollutant, along with sampling notes, were reported in this paper, the first in a series of two. Sampling notes were needed because inherent gaps in data may bias the mean emission rates.The mean emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 were 5.0 and 0.78 g day?1 [Animal Unit, AU]?1, respectively, while inorganic aerosols mean emission rates ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 g day?1 AU?1 depending on the season. The average total acid gas emission rate was 0.43 g day?1 AU?1 with the greatest contribution from nitrous and nitric acids and little contribution from sulfuric acid (as SO2).Ammonia emissions were seasonally dependent, with a mean emission rate of 66.0 g day?1 AU?1 in the cooler seasons and 94.5 g day?1 AU?1 during the warmer seasons. Methane emissions were relatively consistent with a mean emission rate of 208 g day?1 AU?1.The diurnal pattern in each pollutant’s emission rate was relatively consistent after normalizing the hourly emissions according to each daily mean emission rate. Over the duration of a production cycle, all the measured pollutants’ emissions increased proportionally to the total live mass of birds in the house, with the exception of ammonia.Interrelationships between pollutants provide evidence of mutually dependent release mechanisms, which suggests that it may be possible to fill data gaps with minimal data requirements. In the second paper (Roumeliotis, T.S., Dixon, B.J., Van Heyst, B.J. Characterization of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter emission rates from a commercial broiler operation part II: correlated emission rates. Atmospheric Environment, 2010.), regression correlations are developed to estimate daily mean emission rates for data gaps and, using the normalized hourly diurnal patterns from this paper, emission factors were generated for each pollutant. 相似文献
125.
From a functional perspective, changes in abundance, and ultimately species replacement, during succession are a consequence of integrated suites of traits conferring different relative ecological advantages as the environment changes over time. Here we use structural equations to model the interspecific relationships between these integrated functional traits using 34 herbaceous species from a Mediterranean old-field succession and thus quantify the notion of a plant strategy. We measured plant traits related to plant vegetative and reproductive size, leaf functioning, reproductive phenology, seed mass, and production on 15 individuals per species monitored during one growing season. The resulting structural equation model successfully accounts for the pattern of trait covariation during the first 45 years post-abandonment using just two forcing variables: time since site abandonment and seed mass; no association between time since field abandonment and seed mass was observed over these herbaceous stages of secondary succession. All other predicted traits values are determined by these two variables and the cause-effect linkage between them. Adding pre-reproductive vegetative mass as a third forcing variable noticeably increased the predictive power of the model. Increasing the time after abandonment favors species with increasing life span and pre-reproductive biomass and decreasing specific leaf area. Allometric coefficients relating vegetative and reproductive components of plant size were in accordance with allometry theory. The model confirmed the trade-off between seed mass and seed number. Maximum plant height and seed mass were major determinants of reproductive phenology. Our results show that beyond verbal conceptualization, plant ecological strategies can be quantified and modeled. 相似文献
126.
Air emission inventories in North America: a critical assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Miller CA Hidy G Hales J Kolb CE Werner AS Haneke B Parrish D Frey HC Rojas-Bracho L Deslauriers M Pennell B Mobley JD 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(8):1115-1129
Although emission inventories are the foundation of air quality management and have supported substantial improvements in North American air quality, they have a number of shortcomings that can potentially lead to ineffective air quality management strategies. Major reductions in the largest emissions sources have made accurate inventories of previously minor sources much more important to the understanding and improvement of local air quality. Changes in manufacturing processes, industry types, vehicle technologies, and metropolitan infrastructure are occurring at an increasingly rapid pace, emphasizing the importance of inventories that reflect current conditions. New technologies for measuring source emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations, both at the point of emissions and from remote platforms, are providing novel approaches to collecting data for inventory developers. Advances in information technologies are allowing data to be shared more quickly, more easily, and processed and compared in novel ways that can speed the development of emission inventories. Approaches to improving quantitative measures of inventory uncertainty allow air quality management decisions to take into account the uncertainties associated with emissions estimates, providing more accurate projections of how well alternative strategies may work. This paper discusses applications of these technologies and techniques to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of emission inventories across North America and outlines a series of eight recommendations aimed at inventory developers and air quality management decision-makers to improve emission inventories and enable them to support effective air quality management decisions for the foreseeable future. 相似文献
127.
Raphaël Billé Ryan Kelly Arne Biastoch Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb Dorothée Herr Fortunat Joos Kristy Kroeker Dan Laffoley Andreas Oschlies Jean-Pierre Gattuso 《Environmental management》2013,52(4):761-779
Ocean acidification has emerged over the last two decades as one of the largest threats to marine organisms and ecosystems. However, most research efforts on ocean acidification have so far neglected management and related policy issues to focus instead on understanding its ecological and biogeochemical implications. This shortfall is addressed here with a systematic, international and critical review of management and policy options. In particular, we investigate the assumption that fighting acidification is mainly, but not only, about reducing CO2 emissions, and explore the leeway that this emerging problem may open in old environmental issues. We review nine types of management responses, initially grouped under four categories: preventing ocean acidification; strengthening ecosystem resilience; adapting human activities; and repairing damages. Connecting and comparing options leads to classifying them, in a qualitative way, according to their potential and feasibility. While reducing CO2 emissions is confirmed as the key action that must be taken against acidification, some of the other options appear to have the potential to buy time, e.g. by relieving the pressure of other stressors, and help marine life face unavoidable acidification. Although the existing legal basis to take action shows few gaps, policy challenges are significant: tackling them will mean succeeding in various areas of environmental management where we failed to a large extent so far. 相似文献
128.
Doris Schroeder 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(3):247-259
Functional foods aim to provide a positive impact on health and well-being beyond their nutritive content. As such, they are likely candidates to enhance the public health official’s tool kit. Or are they? Although a very small number of functional foods (e.g., phytosterol-enriched margarine) show such promise in improving individual health that Dutch health insurance companies reimburse their costs to consumers, one must not draw premature conclusions about functional foods as a group. A large number of questions about individual products’ safety, efficacy, and affordability need to be answered before they might become an important part of the public health agenda. More importantly, though, the costs and benefits of functional foods relative to alternative mechanisms of public health improvement need to be ascertained. Alternative scenarios that warrant investigation are mainly the supply of nutraceutical ingredients in pill form targeting “at risk” groups and consumer education on diet and lifestyle. 相似文献
129.
Degradative solidification/stabilization (DS/S) is a novel remediation technology that combines chemical degradation with conventional solidification/stabilization. The applicability of the Fe(II)-based DS/S to treating chlorinated alkanes was tested by characterizing degradation reactions of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and its daughter products in cement slurries containing Fe(II). Degradation kinetics of CT and chloroform (CF) were generally very rapid with reaction rates comparable to rates that can be obtained with zero-valent iron. Dechlorination reactions of CT proceeded primarily via a hydrogenolysis pathway, which yielded CF and methylene chloride (MC) as major products and chloromethane and methane as minor products. However, reaction pathways other than hydrogenolysis also appeared to be important at very high pH conditions. MC apparently was resistant to dechlorination reactions over a period of about two months. Kinetics of CT and CF transformation were strongly dependent on pH with an optimal value around 13, which was higher than found previously for PCE. When the initial CF concentration varied between 0.01 and 1 mM, and the Fe(II) dose was 104 mM, pseudo-first-order kinetics generally described the degradation reactions of CF. However, there was also some indication of substrate saturation kinetics in these experiments. This suggests that a saturation model would better describe the kinetics in systems with higher concentration of substrates or lower concentration of the reactive surfaces. 相似文献
130.