从分子质量的变化分析有机物对GAC吸附内分泌干扰物(BPA)的影响

从分子质量分布的角度研究了水中有机物对颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附双酚A(BPA)容量及吸附速率的影响.结果表明,相对于以去离子水为本底的BPA溶液来说,GAC吸附以滤后水、臭氧后出水和原水为本底的BPA溶液的Langmuir模型的最大吸附容量q_m值分别下降了29.95%、43.56%和44.44%,而其拟二级动力学模型的k₂值分别下降了43.05%、49.75%和56.38%.相对分子质量3 000以上,尤其是10 000以上的有机物堵塞GAC的二级微孔;3 000以下,尤其是1 000以下的有机物与BPA分子之间存在直接的竞争吸附,是导致GAC对BPA的吸附容量以及吸附速率下降的主要原因.     

Dynamic phosphorus budget for lake-watershed ecosystems

Lake eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus （P） loading from point sources （PS） and nonpoint sources （NPS） is a persistent and serious ecological problem in China. A phosphorus budget, based on material flow analysis（MFA） and system dynamic （SD）, is proposed and applied for the agriculture-dominated Qionghai Lake watershed located in southwestern China. The MFA-SD approach will not only cover the transporting process of P in the lake-watershed ecosystems, but also can deal with the changes of P budget due to the dynamics of watershed. P inflows include the fertilizer for agricultural croplands, soil losses, domestic sewage discharges, and the atmospheric disposition such as precipitation and dust sinking. Outflows are consisted of hydrologic export, water resources development, fishery and aquatic plants harvesting. The internal P recycling processes are also considered in this paper. From 1988 to 2015, the total P inflows for Lake Qionghai are in a rapid increase from 35.65 to 78.73 t/a, which results in the rising of P concentration in the lake. Among the total P load 2015, agricultural loss and domestic sewage account for 70.60% and 17.27% respectively, directly related to the rapid social-economic development and the swift urbanization. Future management programs designed to reduce P inputs must be put into practices in the coming years to ensure the ecosystem health in the watershed.     

Observations of nitrous acid and its relative humidity dependence in Shanghai

Nitrous acid, HNO2, is an important precursor of OH radicals in the troposphere. Measurements of HNO2 and NO2, using differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS）, were performed in Shanghai, China for a period from October 22, 2004 to January 4, 2005. The mean （and median） hourly concentrations of HNO2 and NO2 during this period were 1.1 （0.7） ppb and 24 （21.4） ppb respectively. A correlation between HNO2/NO2 and PM10 mass concentrations was obtained. This correlation suggests that significant heterogeneous chemical production of HNO2 may occur through NO2 reactions on aerosol surfaces. This hypothesis was further supported by detailed analysis of selected pollution episodes in this study. At the same time, the water dependence of HNO2 formation was studied by analysis of relative humidity （RH）. It showed that the maximum HNO2/NO2 ratio was increased along with RH below 70% and inhibited at RH〉70%.     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.     

基于“三生”功能的江苏省国土空间特征及分区调控

随着新型城镇化的推进,土地利用方式进入转型期,深入分析土地利用多宜性可为科学土地利用布局提供理论支持。以江苏省55个县域为研究对象,从生产-生活-生态3个维度构建国土空间"三生"功能识别体系,借助GIS空间分析、空间计量模型探析江苏省县域"三生"功能的空间格局特征,结合地理探测器和双变量空间自相关方法揭示关联性,并根据主导功能差异提出优化对策。结果表明:(1)江苏省生产-生活-生态功能用地空间分异明显,呈现以南京、苏州、无锡为主导的生产空间,环洪泽湖、沿海、依山的生态空间和以城镇为中心的生活空间集聚特征;(2)区域经济发展水平、生活承载能力、生态因素共同驱动"三生"功能空间格局,各因素间存在明显的强度差异和空间异质性,经济发展-生活承载驱动、生态保育-生活提升驱动、农业生产-生活发展制约、经济发展-生活承载制约4种类型机理各异并呈现自东南向西北渐变特征;(3)依据生产-生活-生态三大维度功能在不同空间的强弱主次特征确定了生产-生活主导功能区、生产功能主导辅以生活功能提升区、生态功能为主导限制生产功能区、生产功能主导生态功能培育区四类功能区,并以强化生产生活功能凝聚力及保育生态功能为逻辑主线,分析总结其对应的土地利用策略。研究结果不仅可明确江苏省各县域单元的土地利用功能定位,也是优化主体功能区划及合理调控区域功能结构的理论补充和实践参考,为提升区域可持续发展能力提供了科学依据。     

气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用

介绍气体快速定性技术在气态污染物突发性污染事故应急监测中的应用.使用北川式无机气体定性检测管、有机气体定性检测管进行事故现场气体快速检测,简述上述检测管的使用技术及检测人员在事故现场应采取的防护措施.     

洞庭湖区’99洪涝灾害后减灾战略的思考

进入 90年代以来 ,洞庭湖区除了 1 990、 1 992、 1 997年以外 ,连年出现高危水位。文章分析了洞庭湖连年高危水位的原因 ,同时分析了 1 999年洪水的特点。面向 2 1世纪 ,提出了洞庭湖减灾中应重视的几个问题     

水热条件下碳酰肼分解二噁英的研究

研究了保温温度为245、260℃水热条件下使用碳酰肼分解垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英的分解效果.结果表明,在高温水热条件下使用碳酰肼作为添加剂有利于二噁英的分解;在245、260℃下保温1 h,二噁英的分解率分别达到80%和90%以上,但二噁英毒性当量因2,3,7,8-TCDD的再生成减小很少,甚至增大;同时,在水热条件下,垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属取得了良好的稳定效果.     

珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度评价研究

生态系统适宜度评价思想自提出以来,已得到了世界各国的基本认同.本研究主要从城市入手来分析和评估珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度的发展状况,采用社会统计学的方法,构建了体现城市结构、城市功能和城市协调度的垂直式和反映经济、社会、人口、资源、环境状况的水平式两者相结合的指标体系,选取1995-2004年10个年份的数据,对珠江三角洲9个城市的生态系统适宜度进行测算,并将10个测评年份的数据统一进行标准化处理和非负处理,实现了不同年份和不同城市的可对比化.划分了城市生态系统适宜度的类型,分析了类型的变化和由这些变化形成的城市生态系统适宜度发展的特点,并得出珠江三角洲城市生态系统适宜度增强、珠江三角洲城市生态适宜度3个垂直层次的发展稳定性不一致等结论.