Full‐scale bioremediation of a dilute 50‐acre plume

Enhanced anaerobic dechlorination is being conducted to remediate a 50‐acre groundwater area impacted with chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs). The plume, which is over 3,000 feet (ft) long, initially contained tetrachloroethene and breakdown products at concentrations of 2 to 3 milligrams per liter. The site's high groundwater flow velocity (greater than 1,000 ft per year) was incorporated into the design to help with amendment distribution. Bioaugmentation was conducted using a mixed culture containing Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. There is evidence that it has migrated to distances exceeding 600 ft. The major benefit of the high groundwater flow velocity is greater areal coverage by the remediation system, but the downside is the difficulty in delivering sufficient donor to create the required anaerobic conditions. Overall performance has been excellent with total CVOC reductions and conversion to ethene of 98 percent within a 25‐acre area downgradient of the treatment transect that has operated the longest. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

不同配比农业废物堆肥过程中堆肥的阴阳离子和大分子对种子发芽的影响

为揭示不同配比农业废物堆肥过程中阴阳离子和大分子对植物毒性的影响机理，开展了以鸡粪和猪粪为主料，稻草秸秆为辅料的条垛堆肥试验，设置的试验处理包括：等质量的鸡粪+稻草秸秆+包菜（1∶1∶1）处理（T1）、鸡粪+稻草秸秆（1∶1）处理（T2）、大量猪粪+少量稻草秸秆（85∶15）处理（T3）.测定了各处理的堆温、堆肥的水溶性无机阴阳离子和有机大分子变化，以及对大白菜（Brassica rapa L.）和水堇（Lepidium sativum. L.）种子发芽指数（Germination Index， GI）等指标变化的影响.试验结果表明，T3处理堆肥的高温（>55 ℃）持续期最长，杀灭病原微生物和杂草种子的能力最好，且其堆肥的Cl^-、SO42-、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度最低；T2处理堆肥的NH4+ 浓度最低.T1和T2处理堆肥过程中堆肥的脂肪烃可转化为稳定的芳香烃.T3处理堆肥对大白菜和水堇的种子发芽指数大于80%.堆肥中抑制种子发芽的阴阳离子及大分子浓度分别为：Ca²⁺浓度>0.98 mmol·L^-1，Mg²⁺浓度>0.92 mmol·L^-1，NH4+浓度均>5.75 mmol·L^-1，芳香C/多糖比值>0.33，羧基C/多糖比值>0.30.堆肥中脂肪族大分子增加、多糖类大分子减少可抑制种子发芽.综上所述，猪粪与稻草秸秆的质量配比为85∶15、初始C/N比为25、初始水分含量为60%、 堆肥期周为35 d是条垛式堆肥处理猪粪和稻草秸秆的最佳工艺参数.大白菜比水堇种子更能准确反映农业废物堆肥的植物毒性.本研究可为优化不同畜禽粪便与农作物秸秆的条垛堆肥工艺参数、减少土地利用的风险提供重要的决策支持.