堆肥修复土壤金属污染研究进展

堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的产物,利用堆肥修复土壤的金属污染有着重大意义.堆肥可通过直接与金属产生氧化还原作用、沉淀作用、吸附作用或间接改变土壤理化性质如酸碱度,氧化还原电位等降低土壤金属的生物有效性和移动性,但具体修复效果因土壤、金属、堆肥三者性质的不同而差异甚大.本文对国内外利用堆肥修复土壤金属污染的研究进展进行了综述,指出了理论研究和实际修复中存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

北京大气O3与NOx的变化特征

以2004年8月-2005年7月北京市区近地层大气中臭氧(O3)和氮氧化物(NOx)体积分数观测资料,研究了北京大气中O3和NOx体积分数的变化特征.研究表明:北京市O3体积分数较高,并呈季节性波动,大气光化学污染以夏季最为严重.受太阳紫外辐射和城市交通的影响,城市O3体积分数呈单峰型分布,并在午后15:00出现峰值,造成大气强氧化性.NO2的光解速率夏季最大,在正午出现日最大值.受城市车流量变化的影响,周末NOx体积分数高于工作日,O3体积分数周末与工作日白天差异较小,而夜晚O3体积分数上作日高于周末.     

改善空气质量健康效益的非市场价值评估

采用目前美国国家海洋局(NOAA)推荐的双边界二分式条件价值评估方法,对北京市空气质量改善产生的健康效益进行评估.对北京市城八区居民共发放880份调查问卷,调查居民对通过改善空气质量进而使健康免受危害计划的最大支付意愿.结果表明:未来5年内北京市居民每户的平均最大支付意愿为652.33元/a,居民健康总经济效益现值为61.08×108～75.41×108元;支付意愿影响因素分析表明,支付意愿与居民家庭经济状况、受教育程度、健康状况有正向关系,男性比女性的支付意愿高.分析结果与经济学原理相符,该评估的可靠性得以验证.      

大气汞氧化还原过程与机制的计算化学研究进展

大气中汞的氧化还原反应对于其全球生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的作用,它促进了汞在全球范围内的扩散.汞主要以气态元素汞的形态释放到大气中,并经历复杂的均相和非均相化学反应,被氧化为活性气态汞和颗粒态汞;同时,活性气态汞也可经过光致还原反应光解生成气态元素汞.计算化学是一种基于理论方法利用计算软件来对化学现象和本质进行解释...     

Relationship between light and heavy fractions of organic matter for several agricultural soils in China

Although numerous studies about the nature and turnover of soil organic matter（SOM） in light and heavy fractions（ LFOM and HFQM, respectively） have been made, little information is available in relation to the relationship between LFQM and HFOM, and no attempts have been made to quantify a general relationship between LFQM and HFQM for agricultural soils under field condition. Qur hypothesis is there may be an inherent relationship between LFQM and HFQM for agricultural soils under certain unaltered management practices for a long period, to this end, we therefore studied typically soils taken from different parts in China by using a simple density fractionation procedure. The results indicated that LFQM was positively correlated with LFOM/HFOM ratio for three typical soils. This information will be of particular use not only in deepening our understanding of the dynamics of SQM fractions but also in evaluating the potential of agricultural soils to sequestrate C under different management practices in a long term.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

从上海闵行区污水处理厂曝气池中的污泥和上海孙桥农业园区农田表层土壤样品中分离得到两株好氧降解菌株：B16-2（曝气池）和N1（农田）,都能够不同程度地降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPEOn）.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其好氧生物降解产物进行了表征和鉴别.结果表明,两株菌对OPEOn的好氧生物降解都产生了环境雌激素活性物质--辛基酚,从曝气池中分离出的B16-2好氧降解产生了丁基酚聚氧乙烯醚,从仙人掌土壤分离出的N1菌株降解以羟基端EO链的逐渐断裂为主要途径.     

磷钼酸/聚乙烯醇复合纤维膜光降解甲基橙

运用静电纺丝技术制备了磷钼酸(H3PMo12O40)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合纤维膜,并对复合纤维膜光催化降解甲基橙模拟废水进行了研究。红外(FT-IR)测试显示,磷钼酸在复合纤维膜中仍保持Keggin结构。通过扫描电镜(SEM)可以看出,磷钼酸的质量分数为29.4%时,复合纤维的直径最小。紫外测试表明,将磷钼酸固载于PVA复合纤维上比直接使用具有更高的光催化活性,磷钼酸质量分数为25.0%,甲基橙溶液p H=2时,甲基橙的脱色率最高。复合纤维膜热处理后在水中稳定性较好,易于回收并循环使用,循环使用10次,甲基橙的脱色率无明显变化。     

鄱阳湖平原区农村门塘形态特征及底泥营养状况分析

通过在鄱阳湖平原选取典型农村门塘,对其形状、进出口布置、水下地形、水深、淤塞、水质和底泥营养盐含量等指标进行调查测定分析.结果表明,鄱阳湖平原农村门塘多呈长条形;进水口设置随意,多且分散;淤塞较为严重,淤积物主要以外源输入为主;水体总氮和总磷一定程度超标,污染程度总氮总体表现为冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,总磷总体表现为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季;底泥营养盐和有机质含量相对较高,呈现一定的污染状态;底泥中有机质、有机碳和总氮的同源性较高,主要以内源污染物为主;底泥中磷以陆源输入为主.     

便携式GC法测定石油污染地地下水中苯、乙苯和二甲苯

采用便携式气相色谱法测定石油污染地地下水中苯、乙苯和二甲苯，通过试验选择出测定的最佳色谱条件和适宜内标物，并对样品平衡时间、NaCl用量、取样后 VOA瓶中液-气体积比等条件进行优化。试验表明，该方法在0 mg/L～2．00 mg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数均＞0．98；方法检出限为0．05 mg/L ～0．15 mg/L。用该方法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法同时测定实际水样，两种方法测定结果具有良好的一致性。     

Analyzing Human–Landscape Interactions: Tools That Integrate

Humans have transformed much of Earth’s land surface, giving rise to loss of biodiversity, climate change, and a host of other environmental issues that are affecting human and biophysical systems in unexpected ways. To confront these problems, environmental managers must consider human and landscape systems in integrated ways. This means making use of data obtained from a broad range of methods (e.g., sensors, surveys), while taking into account new findings from the social and biophysical science literatures. New integrative methods (including data fusion, simulation modeling, and participatory approaches) have emerged in recent years to address these challenges, and to allow analysts to provide information that links qualitative and quantitative elements for policymakers. This paper brings attention to these emergent tools while providing an overview of the tools currently in use for analysis of human–landscape interactions. Analysts are now faced with a staggering array of approaches in the human–landscape literature—in an attempt to bring increased clarity to the field, we identify the relative strengths of each tool, and provide guidance to analysts on the areas to which each tool is best applied. We discuss four broad categories of tools: statistical methods (including survival analysis, multi-level modeling, and Bayesian approaches), GIS and spatial analysis methods, simulation approaches (including cellular automata, agent-based modeling, and participatory modeling), and mixed-method techniques (such as alternative futures modeling and integrated assessment). For each tool, we offer an example from the literature of its application in human–landscape research. Among these tools, participatory approaches are gaining prominence for analysts to make the broadest possible array of information available to researchers, environmental managers, and policymakers. Further development of new approaches of data fusion and integration across sites or disciplines pose an important challenge for future work in integrating human and landscape components.